Geregistreerde stoffen
Geregistreerde stoffen
Data platform availability banner - registered substances
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA. At first this system will contain only substances and data from REACH registration dossiers. For new and updated REACH registration data please check ECHA CHEM. See for more information on the transition to ECHA CHEM. More
Please be aware that REACH registration data here on the current Dissemination Platform is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
DISSEMINATION
PLATFORM
REACH - Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals Regulation
Registered Substances Factsheets
Substances which have been registered and can be placed on the EEA market by those companies with a valid registration
SEARCH
Registrant/Supplier | Address | Country | Registration Status | Name | EC / List no. | CAS no. | Last update year | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FIRMENICH GRASSE SAS | Zi les Bois de Grasse Boulevard Emmanuel Rouquier 06130 GRASSE France | France | Active | Concrete of Lavandula Hybrida (Lamiaceae) obtained from the flowering plant by organic solvent extraction | 946-009-1 | - | 2020; 2022 | View substance registered dossier |
BONTOUX S.A.S. | Le clôt 26170 Saint Auban sur l'Ouvèze France | France | Active | Concrete of Lavandula Hybrida (Lamiaceae) obtained from the flowering plant by organic solvent extraction | 946-009-1 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
REACH GLOBAL SERVICES .S.A. | Rond Point Schuman, 6 B-1040 Brussels Belgium | Belgium | Active | Concrete of Rosa Damascena (Rosaceae) obtained from fresh flowers by extraction with an apolar solvent | 946-638-1 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Robertet | 37 Avenue Sidi Brahim 06130 Grasse France | France | Active | Concrete of Rosa Damascena (Rosaceae) obtained from fresh flowers by extraction with an apolar solvent | 946-638-1 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
BERNARDI | Parc Industriel Les Bois de Grasse Avenue Michel Chevalier 06130 GRASSE France | France | Active | Concrete of Rosa Damascena (Rosaceae) obtained from fresh flowers by extraction with an apolar solvent | 946-638-1 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Biolandes | Route de Belis 40420 Le Sen Landes France | France | Active | Concrete of Rosa Damascena (Rosaceae) obtained from fresh flowers by extraction with an apolar solvent | 946-638-1 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
International Flavors & Fragrances, I.F.F. (France) S.A.S | Parc Industriel Les Bois de Grasse 06130 Grasse France | France | Active | Concrete of Salvia sclarea L. (Lamiaceae) obtained from leaves, flowers and twigs by apolar hydrocarbon solvent extraction with or without purification by molecular distillation | 947-717-3 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
BONTOUX S.A.S. | Le clôt 26170 Saint Auban sur l'Ouvèze France | France | Active | Concrete of Salvia sclarea L. (Lamiaceae) obtained from leaves, flowers and twigs by apolar hydrocarbon solvent extraction with or without purification by molecular distillation | 947-717-3 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Robertet | 37 Avenue Sidi Brahim 06130 Grasse France | France | Active | Concrete of Spilanthes acmella (oleracea) obtained from flowers by extraction with organic solvent | 947-908-1 | - | 2020 | View substance registered dossier |
Robertet | 37 Avenue Sidi Brahim 06130 Grasse France | France | Active | Concrete of Trigonella foenum graecum L. (Leguminosae) obtained from seeds by extraction with organic solvents | 947-408-3 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Destilla GmbH Flavours & Extracts | Erninger Straße 2 86720 Nördlingen Bayern Germany | Germany | Active | Concrete of Trigonella foenum graecum L. (Leguminosae) obtained from seeds by extraction with organic solvents | 947-408-3 | - | 2018 | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant Spanish competent national authority. | - | - | Active | Condensation product of: 3-(7-carboxyhept-1-yl)-6-hexyl-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid with polyamines (primarily aminoethylpiperazine and triethylenetetramine) | 413-770-1 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Kao Corporation, S.A. | Puig dels Tudons, 10 08210 Barbera del Valles Barcelona Spain | Spain | Active | Condensation products of cyclopentanone and valeraldehyde, fraction | 938-923-4 | - | 2014; 2023 | View substance registered dossier |
[Confidential] | - | - | - | Condensation products of Dihydrofuran-2,5-dione, mono-alkenyl derivs. with polyethylene amine and acetic anhydride | - | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
SA DABEER | C/ Pasaje Arrahona 18 2º 08210 Barbera del Vallés Spain | Spain | Active | Condensation products of ethylenediamine, glyoxylic acid and 4-hydroxybenzensulfonic acid, sodium and potassium salts | 954-272-9 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
ANGUS CHEMIE GMBH | Zeppelinstr. 30 Postfach 4003 D-49479 Ibbenbueren-Uffeln Germany | Germany | Active | Condensation products of fatty acids, tall oil with 2-amino-2-ethylpropanediol | 946-010-7 | - | 2018 | View substance registered dossier |
[Confidential] | - | - | - | Condensation products of m-phenylenebis(methylamine) with condensation products of 4-methyl-m-phenylene diisocyanate with alcohols, C10-14 (even numbered) and condensation products of 4-methyl-m-phenylene diisocyanate with butyltriglycol | - | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Cambridge Environmental Assessments, part of RSK ADAS Europe (Ireland) Ltd | Office Suite B, Blue Bell Business Centre Old Naas Road D12X V7K Dublin Ireland | Ireland | Active | Condensation products of N-(2-aminoethyl)octadecanamide and N-(2-aminoethyl)hexadecanamide with sebacic acid | 945-989-8 | - | 2019 | View substance registered dossier |
Cambridge Environmental Assessments, part of RSK ADAS Europe (Ireland) Ltd | Office Suite B, Blue Bell Business Centre Old Naas Road D12X V7K Dublin Ireland | Ireland | Active | Condensation products of N-(6-aminohexyl)-12-hydroxyoctadecanamide and sebacic acid | 945-990-3 | - | 2019 | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant Estonian competent national authority. | - | - | Active | Condensation products of oil shale alkylresorcinols and formaldehyde | 447-830-3 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
VKG Oil AS | Järveküla tee 14 30328 Kohtla-Järve Estonia Estonia | Estonia | Cease Manufacture | Condensation products of oil shale alkylresorcinols and formaldehyde | 447-830-3 | - | 2017 | View substance registered dossier |
ExponentOR47I | Block 1, Blanchardstown Corporate Park Ballycoolen Road, Blanchardstown D15 AKK1 Dublin Ireland | Ireland | Active | Condensation products of phenol and salicylaldehyde | 947-320-5 | - | 2021 | View substance registered dossier |
[Confidential] | - | - | - | Condensation products of tetramethylenediamine with hydrogenated fatty acids of castor-oil | - | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
ELANTAS Europe GmbH | Grossmannstrasse 105 20539 Hamburg Germany | Germany | Active | Condensation products of triethanolamine with addition products of fatty acids, C18 (unsaturated) alkyl with maleic anhydride | 701-048-1 | - | 2021 | View substance registered dossier |
BYK-Chemie GmbH | Abelstr. 45 DE-46483 Wesel Germany | Germany | Active | Condensation products of triethanolamine with addition products of fatty acids, C18 (unsaturated) alkyl with maleic anhydride | 701-048-1 | - | 2015; 2016; 2017; 2020; 2021 | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant UK competent national authority. | - | - | Active | Confidential | 420-330-2 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
- | - | - | - | Confidential | 420-330-2 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant Dutch competent national authority. | - | - | Active | COOLER 2 | 442-620-8 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
- | - | - | - | COOLER 2 | 442-620-8 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
ExponentOR37I | Block 1, Blanchardstown Corporate Park Ballycoolen Road, Blanchardstown D15 AKK1 Dublin Ireland | Ireland | Active | COPOLYMER OF 3-(2H-1,2,3-BENZOTRIAZOLE-2-YL)-4- | 443-470-6 | - | 2012 | View substance registered dossier |
- | - | - | - | copolymer of 3-oxa-2-oxotricyclo[4.2.1.0(4,8)] nonane-5-ylmethacrylate, 1-ethyl-1-cyclopentylacrylate and 3-hydroxy-1-tricyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)] decane-1-yl-methacrylate | 456-090-0 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
- | - | - | - | copolymer of 4-hydroxystyrene, t-butylacrylate ,styrene and 2,5dimethyl-2,5-diacryloxyhexane | 434-030-4 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant UK competent national authority. | - | - | Active | COPOLYMER OF METHYL METHACRYLATE | 442-090-8 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant French competent national authority. | - | - | Active | Copolymer of vinyl-alcohol and vinyl acetate partially acetilized with 4-(2-(4-formylphenyl)ethenyl)-1-methylpyridinium methylsulfate | 414-880-2 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Covance Clinical Development SA 024 | Parque Empresarial Las Tablas, Edificio 1 Calle Federico Mompou, 5 - 5 Planta 28050 Madrid Spain | Spain | Active | Copper compound | 452-220-5 | - | 2012 | View substance registered dossier |
Heubach Research Centre s. r. o. | S. K. Neumanna 1316 53207 Pardubice Czech Republic | Czech Republic | Active | Copper phtalocyanine monosulfonated and disulfonated | 700-870-8 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
[Confidential] | - | - | - | Copper phthalocyanine direct dye | - | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant UK competent national authority. | - | - | Active | COPPER PORPHYRIN | 423-350-1 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
BMS Micro-Nutrients NV | Rijksweg 32 B 2880 Bornem Antwerpen Belgium | Belgium | Active | copper sulfate;N'-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine | 701-399-0 | - | 2021 | View substance registered dossier |
BMS Micro-Nutrients NV | Rijksweg 32 B 2880 Bornem Antwerpen Belgium | Belgium | Active | copper sulfate;N'-[2-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine | 701-400-4 | - | 2021 | View substance registered dossier |
Boliden Mineral AB | Rönnskärsverken 93281 Skelleftehamn Sweden | Sweden | Active | copper sulphide and zinc chloride sulphate hydroxide, recovery products from copper and zinc dusts | 951-963-7 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
TIB Chemicals AG | Muelheimer Str. 16-22 68219 Mannheim Germany | Germany | Active | copper zinc trihydroxide nitrate | 955-840-9 | - | 2022 | View substance registered dossier |
CS Regulatory IRL Ltd 1L-30 | Alexandra House The Sweepstakes, Ballsbridge D04 C7H2 Dublin Ireland | Ireland | Active | copper(II) 3,3',3'',3'''-(29H,31H-phthalocyanine-2(or 3),9(or 10),16(or 17),23(or 24)-tetrayltetrasulfonyl)tetrapropane-1-sulfonate and its amides with (2-hydroxypropyl)amine, sodium salts | 954-237-8 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant French competent national authority. | - | - | Active | COPY CHARGE NY VP 2351 | 432-620-6 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Laboratoires URGO | parc Excellence 2000 2 avenue de strasbourg 21800 Chevigny Saint Sauveur France | France | Active | Corn oil (Zea mays, Gramineae), peroxidised | 700-155-0 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
[Confidential] | - | - | - | Corsair Clear #12 | - | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
[Confidential] | - | - | - | Corsair Resin 5 | - | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
FujiFilm Manufacturing Europe BV | Oudenstaart 1 5047 TK Tilburg Netherlands | Netherlands | Cease Manufacture | COUPLER I | 400-250-4 | - | 2019 | View substance registered dossier |
Sun Chemical B.V. | Leeuwenveldseweg 3-t 1382 LV Weesp Netherlands | Netherlands | Active | Coupling reaction products of 3,3’-dichlorobiphenyl-4,4’-bis(diazonium) dichloride with N-(2,4-dialkylphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide and potassium 4-[(3-oxobutanoyl)amino]substituted benzene and their basic aluminium and earth alkali metal salts | - | - | 2011 | View substance registered dossier |
Huntsman Textile Effects (Germany) GmbH | Rehlinger Str. 1 D-86462 Langweid a.Lech Germany | Germany | Active | Coupling reaction products of diazotized 2-amino-6-[(2-substitued ethyl)sulfonyl]naphthalene-1-substituted acid with 4-({4-chloro-6-[ethyl(3-{[2-(substituted oxy)ethyl]sulfonyl}phenyl)amino]-heteromonocycl-2-yl}amino)-5-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disubstituted acid and their sodium and potassium salts | - | - | 2011; 2012; 2013 | View substance registered dossier |
Novartis Integrated Services Limited | Ringaskiddy P43 FR63 Ringaskiddy Co. Cork Ireland | Ireland | Cease Manufacture | Coxamide | 448-090-4 | - | 2015 | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant Irish competent national authority. | - | - | Active | Coxamide | 448-090-4 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant UK competent national authority. | - | - | Active | CP 33F | 422-880-9 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant UK competent national authority. | - | - | Active | CP 35F | 422-890-3 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
UBE Europe GmbH (UBE-G) | Immermannstrasse 65b 40210 Duesseldorf Germany | Germany | Cease Manufacture | CP-380,736 | 449-980-5 | - | 2015 | View substance registered dossier |
N.V. Ajinomoto OmniChem S.A. | Cooppallaan 91 9230 Wetteren Oost-Vlaanderen Belgium | Belgium | Cease Manufacture | CP-380,736 | 449-980-5 | - | 2020 | View substance registered dossier |
- | - | - | - | CP-380,736 | 449-980-5 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
F.I.S. Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.a. | Viale Milano, 26 36075 Montecchio Maggiore (VI) Veneto Italy | Italy | Active | CP-548,495 | 444-100-6 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Dynamit Nobel GmbH Explosivstoff- und Systemtechnik | Kalkstrasse 218 51377 Leverkusen Germany | Germany | Active | CP-548,495 | 444-100-6 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant UK competent national authority. | - | - | Active | CP-603,980 | 427-990-0 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant UK competent national authority. | - | - | Active | CP-686,430 | 434-250-0 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant Italian competent national authority. | - | - | Active | CP-686,430 | 434-250-0 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
- | - | - | - | CP-703,455 | 440-150-8 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant French competent national authority. | - | - | Active | CP-703,455 | 440-150-8 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant UK competent national authority. | - | - | Active | CP-703,455 | 440-150-8 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant Irish competent national authority. | - | - | Active | CP-703,455 | 440-150-8 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant UK competent national authority. | - | - | Active | CPSI | 410-200-3 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
Former NONS notifier unknown to ECHA - Contact the relevant UK competent national authority. | - | - | Active | CR-1600 TMA | 439-480-5 | - | - | View substance registered dossier |
De gegevens zijn afkomstig van bij ECHA ingediende registratiedossiers en zijn een weergave van de situatie op de datum die aangegeven is als meest recente bijwerking. De totalehoeveelheidsklasse wordt vastgesteld op basis van alle dossiers, met uitzondering van hoeveelheden waarvoor vertrouwelijkheid wordt ingeroepen en hoeveelheden die worden gebruikt als tussenproduct voor de vervaardiging van een andere chemische stof. De gepubliceerde totalehoeveelheidsklasse komt niet noodzakelijk overeen met de geregistreerde hoeveelheidsklasse(n).
Houd er rekening mee dat sommige informatie over geregistreerde stoffen eigendom kan zijn van derden. In dergelijk geval kan voor het gebruik van de informatie de voorafgaande toestemming van de eigenaar nodig zijn. Zie voor nadere informatie de juridische mededeling.
Informatie over de chemische eigenschappen van geregistreerde stoffen is rechtstreeks toegankelijk via eChemPortal.
RELATED INFORMATION
- Registered substances information
- How to determine what will be published (Data Submission Manual 15)
- Understanding REACH Regulation
- Q&A on registered substances
- What is an Infocard? [PDF]
- What is a Registered substance Factsheet? [PDF]
- eChemPortal
- REACH study results download
- REACH Regulation
- ECHA Legal notice
Welcome to the REACH Registered Substance Factsheets
Here you will find details from REACH registrations submitted to ECHA. Registrations under REACH can be submitted either jointly – where a group of legal entities pool their data – or individually. The set of details from each published joint or individual submission is presented as a row in the results table. For each row there is also an ‘eye’ icon leading to the detailed factsheet which contains the entire public dataset, following the IUCLID format.
Note that there can be more than one joint or individual submission for the same substance, thus there can be cases where one substance is covered by many REACH registered substance factsheets.
Note too, that as mentioned in the Legal Notice of the ECHA website, ECHA does not give any guarantees or warranties regarding the quality and correctness of the published information. The information in the portal is published ‘as provided’ by industry, and its accuracy has not been verified by ECHA. ECHA is also not in a position to intervene with, edit or correct the published data; this can only be done by the registrant responsible for its submission.
Finally, please note that the information may be protected and its use may require prior permission from its owner (see the ECHA website Legal Notice more details).
All substances table
The “All substances” table gives an overview of all the REACH registered substance factsheets on file at ECHA. Since this covers all data ever submitted since the entry into force of the REACH Regulation, there are some substances which are no longer considered registered under REACH in the EU / EEA. These can be for example substances that were registered only in the UK; since Brexit they are no longer registered in the EU / EEA.
The following columns are presented in the “All substances” table:
- Public substance identity – the best available non-confidential substance name, EC, and CAS numbers.
- Registration status – indicating the calculated registration status for the whole factsheet: Active – is being manufactured or imported to the EEA by one or more registrants; Cease Manufacture - is no longer being manufactured or imported above 1 tone per calendar year. All registrants of the substance have reported a cease of manufacture or import; or No longer valid - no longer considered registered under REACH and not currently allowed to be manufactured or imported to the EEA, until the substance is registered again.
- Registration type – indicating whether a given factsheet contains data from a REACH full registration, REACH intermediate registration, or only a limited set of data inherited from a NONS notification.
- Submission type – indicating whether the data in a given factsheet was submitted jointly or individually.
- Total tonnage band – calculated per factsheet from all contributing registrations, based on the estimated quantity of the substance placed on the market. Data is excluded from dossiers where the tonnage is claimed confidential, from Intermediate registration dossiers, and from NONs which have not been updated.
- Last updated – indicating the date on which this registered substance factsheet was last modified with new or updated data, based on an industry submission.
- ‘Eye’ icon linking to the full factsheet.
Searching
The search for REACH registered substance factsheets is divided into logically separated blocks of related search filters. Note that the search works so that if you provide filters in different blocks, then the results returned must match the filters in block 1 AND those in block 2 etc. Searches are conducted on all the public data included in all published REACH registrations.
Substance identity
In this block you can search by substance identifiers, under filters for Name, EC / List number, and CAS number. Full or partial identifiers can be used. And under the Name filter you can search by any substance name of any kind from any source. Other numerical identifiers such as Harmonised C&L Index number, or PIC CN code can also optionally be used.
Administrative data
In this block you can search by administrative information relating to REACH registered substance factsheets:
- Registration type – picklist of Full, Intermediate, NONS
- Registration status – picklist of Active, Cease Manufacture, No longer valid
- Submission type – Individual or Joint
- Country in which registered – picklist of current and former EU / EEA member states from which REACH registrations were received
- First published date – the date when a REACH registration factsheet was first published
- Last update date – the last date when any registrant / supplier submission contributing to a given REACH registration factsheet was submitted
- Last update year – the year in which any registrant / supplier last made an update submission included in a given REACH registration factsheet
- Registrant / supplier name – where available and not claimed confidential
- Registration number – where available and not claimed confidential
- Registrant address – where available and not claimed confidential
Substance data
In this block you can search by substance related data from REACH registered substance factsheets:
- Tonnage band – picklist of Tonnage range, Tonnage Confidential, Intermediate use only
- Selected total tonnage band range – available only if Tonnage range is selected, and allows to filter REACH registered substance factsheets within any selected min and max value
- Substance has nanoform – picklist of Yes, No
- PBT assessment outcome – picklist of all possible PBT assessment outcomes
- CSA performed – picklist of Yes, No
Use and exposure
In this block you can search by elements relating to how use and exposure are encoded in REACH registrations.
Under the Life cycle option you can select one or more life cycle stages. The search results returned will include only factsheets containing uses reported under the selected life cycle stages.
Under the Category option there are modal popups for each of the use descriptor categories – Product, Sector of use, Process, Environmental release, and Article categories. In each of these are multi select picklists for all the related descriptor codes. The search results returned will include only factsheets containing uses which include the selected descriptor codes.
Note that the Life cycle and Category options work together, so that if a life cycle stage and Category options are both selected the search results will include factsheets containing specific uses in the selected life cycle stage, and where the use includes the selected descriptor codes.
With the search operator option you can select to refine how the search works. AND refines results and returns only those factsheets where ALL the search filter criteria are met. OR broadens the results and returns factsheets where ANY of the selected search filter criteria are met.
The factsheets
There is always a detailed factsheet per joint or individual submission, and it is generated based primarily on the IUCLID format.
The factsheet header begins with the identity of the substance in question, to which the factsheet is linked. The substance identity should always be aligned with that shown in the related substance Infocard. Note that since the Infocard refreshes daily, whereas the factsheet sometimes refreshes on a slower pace, sometimes the data may be out of alignment. In such cases it will always realign as quickly as possible.
The substance identification is enriched with the data provided in the relevant IUCLID section of the primary submitted dossier – either the joint submission lead, or the single individual submission.
In this section are also provided the type of substance, all other identifiers such as trade names, common names, other names etc, as well as all distinct submitted compositions for the substance.
Next is a page covering administrative type information from the data submitted, including:
Registration details, on the total tonnage band informed to ECHA, the registration type, first published and last updated dates, and whether a chemical safety assessment has been performed.
Registrant / supplier details, giving the identity and status of registrants / suppliers, except where the identity has been claimed confidential.
Registration numbers, giving again the identity and status of registration numbers, except where claimed confidential.
Contact persons responsible for the SDS, giving the non-confidential SDS contacts provided to ECHA.
The remainder of the factsheet faithfully follows the IUCLID structure, covering the C&L and PBT, Manufacture, use, and exposure, Physical and chemical properties, Environmental fate and pathways, Ecotoxicological information, Toxicological information, Analytical methods (if available), Guidance on safe use, Assessment reports, and Reference substances.