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Ecotoxicological information

Toxicity to terrestrial plants

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Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference
Endpoint:
toxicity to terrestrial plants: short-term
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
Mar 2008 - Oct 2008
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: GLP guideline test
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test)
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Analytical monitoring:
yes
Details on sampling:
- Concentrations: 100 mg/kg soil
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: samples were deep frozen until analysis
Vehicle:
yes
Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Method of mixing into soil (if used): the test substance was dissolved in acetone (25 mL) and subsequently mixed with quartz sand. Evaporation of the solvent over night.The sand was then mixed into the soil.
- Chemical name of vehicle: acetone
- Concentration of vehicle in test medium: 25 mL
- Evaporation of vehicle before use: yes
Species:
Brassica napus
Plant group:
Dicotyledonae (dicots)
Species:
Glycine max (G. soja)
Plant group:
Dicotyledonae (dicots)
Species:
Avena sativa
Plant group:
Monocotyledonae (monocots)
Test type:
seedling emergence toxicity test
Study type:
laboratory study
Substrate type:
natural soil
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
14 d
Remarks:
after 50% seedling emergence in the control
Test temperature:
18.6 °C - 26.8 °C
Details on test conditions:
TEST SYSTEM
- Testing facility: growth chamber
- Test container: plastic pots, 12 cm diameter (A. sativa) and 14 cm diameter (G. max and B. napus)
- No. of seeds per container: 5
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 6
- No. of replicates per control: 6
- No. of replicates per vehicle control: 6

SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE: LUFA 2.3
- Particle size: < 0.2 cm
- Soil taxonomic classification: sany loam
- Soil classification system: USDA
- Organic carbon (%): 0.99

GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16:8 h day-night regime
- Light intensity and quality: G. max: 7224 Lux; B. napus and A. sativa: 6454 Lux
- Day/night temperatures:
Brassica napus and Avena sativa:
mean day temperature: 25.4 °C
mean night temperature: 18.6 °C
Glycine max:
mean day temperature: 26.8 °C
mean night temperature: 18.9 °C
- Relative humidity (%): 59.3% - 63.5 %
- Watering regime and schedules: daily moisture check. Water was supplied when neccessary
- Any pest control method/fertilization (if used): After development of the first true leaves, 1 g/l Flory 9 “Hydro” (Planta) and 0.023 g/l Fetrilon 13 % (Compo) were added to the water one to three times a week, depending on the development of the plants.

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: Fresh weight: 14 days after 50% seedling emergence in the control; Germination: daily until 50% of the control plants had emerged; further checks were done weekly; Mortality: 14 days after 50% seedling emergence in the control; Phytotoxicity: weekly after 50% seedling emergence in the control; Growth stages (BBCH): 14 days after 50% seedling emergence in the control


Nominal and measured concentrations:
Nominal test substance concentrations:
control, solvent control, 3.13., 6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, 100 and 200 mg/kg soil dw (G. max)
control, solvent control, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, 100 and 200 mg/kg soil dw (B. napus, A. sativa)
Recovery rate at 100 mg/kg soil: 93% and 98%
Species:
Avena sativa
Duration:
14 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
12.5 mg/kg soil dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth
Species:
Avena sativa
Duration:
14 d
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
53.9 mg/kg soil dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth
Species:
Brassica napus
Duration:
14 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
25 mg/kg soil dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth
Species:
Brassica napus
Duration:
14 d
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
62.9 mg/kg soil dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth
Species:
Glycine max (G. soja)
Duration:
14 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
25 mg/kg soil dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth
Species:
Glycine max (G. soja)
Duration:
14 d
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
89.7 mg/kg soil dw
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
growth
Details on results:
SEED GERMINATION
- Percent seed germination: B. napus: 93.3 - 100%; G. max: 86.7 - 100%; A. sativa: 80.0 - 96.7%
The most sensitive species was Avena sativa followed by Brassica napus. the least sensistive species was Glycine max.
The germination rate was not significantly affected by the substance

FRESH WEIGHTS:
- Brassica napus: The fresh weight was statistically significantly reduced at 50.0 and 100 mg/kg (22.6% and 93.5%).
- Glycine max: The fresh weight was reduced at all tested concentrations (0.5 to 83.7%). This reduction was statistically significant at 50.0 mg 2-Phenylphenol/kg and at higher concentrations (34.0% to 83.7%).
- Avena sativa: The fresh weight was reduced at all tested concentrations (8.6% to 92.8%). This reduction was statistically significant from 25.0 mg/kg upwards.

GROWTH STAGES:
- Brassica napus: The plant development was delayed at 50.0 and 100 mg/kg (growth stages at test end: BBCH 13 to 14 in the controls, BBCH 13 (14) at 50.0 mg/kg and BBCH 11 to 12 (13) at 100 mg/kg)
- Glycine max: The plant development was delayed at a concentration of 100 and 200 mg/kg (growth stages at test end: BBCH 13 to 14 in the control, BBCH 13 (14) at 100 mg/kg and BBCH 12 (13) at 200 mg/kg).
- Avena sativa: The plant development was delayed compared to the controls at 12.5 mg/kg and at higher concentrations (growth stages at test end: BBCH 12 to 13 in the controls, BBCH 12 (13) at 12.5 mg/kg, BBCH 12 at 25.0 and 50.0 mg/kg and BBCH 11 at 100 mg/kg).

PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS:
- Brassica napus: Phytotoxic effects were chlorosis, necrosis and growth reduction from 25.0 mg/kg upwards. At 12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg some seedlings show slight deformations of the leaves.
- Glycine max: Distinct phytotoxic effects were growth reduction from 100.0 mg/kg soil dry weight upwards and additionally deformation of leaves and stems at 200 mg/kg.
- Avena sativa: Phytotoxic effects were necrosis and growth reduction from 50.0 mg/kg upwards. At 100.0 mg/kg the seedlings of one pot showed discoloration of the leaves.


Reported statistics and error estimates:
Statistical analysis of the control plants and solvent control plants:
Fresh weight data of the control and solvent control plants were tested for normal distribution and homogeneity of variance using the Kolmogoroff-Smirnov-Test (α = 0.05) and the Cochran-Test (α = 0.05). Because the data were normally distributed and homogeneous the Student-t-test (pairwise comparison, two-sided, α = 0.05) was used.
For the germination data Fisher’s Exact-Test was used (two-sided, α = 0.05).
Because there was no statistical difference between the data of the control plants and solvent control plants the results of the plants treated with the tested concentrations were compared with the results of the solvent control plants.
Statistical analysis of the plants treated with the tested concentrations and the solvent control plants:
Fresh weight data were tested for normal distribution and homogeneity of variance using the Kolmogoroff-Smirnov-Test (α = 0.05) and the Cochran-Test (α = 0.05). Because the data were normally distributed and homogeneous the Dunnett Test (multiple comparison, two-sided, α = 0.05) was used for comparing treatment groups and solvent control.
In order to determine the EC25 and EC50 values, a regression analysis was performed (Probit analysis).
For the mortality and germination data Fisher’s Exact Test (two-sided, α = 0.05) was used.
The computer programs used to perform the statistical analyses were ToxRat Professional, Version 2.09, ToxRat® Solutions GmbH © 2001-2005.

Description of key information

EC50 = 53.9 mg/kg soil dw; NOEC = 12.5 mg/kg soil dw for Avena sativa based on fresh weight
EC50 = 62.9 mg/kg soil dw; NOEC = 25 mg/kg soil dw for Brassica napus based on fresh weight
EC50 = 89.7 mg/kg soil dw, NOEC = 25 mg/kg soil dw for Glycine max based on fresh weight

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Short-term EC50 or LC50 for terrestrial plants:
53.9 mg/kg soil dw
Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for terrestrial plants:
12.5 mg/kg soil dw

Additional information

The effects of OPP on terrestrial plants were studied in three plant species of three different families: Brassica napus, Glycine max and Avena sativa (Bützler & Meinerling 2008). The test was performed for 14 days in a growth chamber under controlled test conditions and the plants were exposed to concentrations between 12.5 and 100 mg 2-Phenylphenol/kg dry soil according to OECD Guideline 208. The concentrations in the test with Glycine max ranged from to 200 mg test item/kg dry soil. Test parameters were germination rate, mortality and phytotoxicity.

Phytotoxic effects observed were growth reduction (all species), slight chlorosis (Brassica napus and Glycine max) and slight necrosis (all species). Additionally, Brassica napus showed abnormal growth of the leaves, and Glycine max showed abnormal growth of the leaves and the stems.

The most sensitive species in terms of fresh weight was Avena sativa with EC50 value of 53.9 mg/kg soil dry weight and NOEC 12.5 mg/kg soil dry weight. It was followed by Brassica napus (EC50 62.9 and NOEC 25 mg/kg soil dry weight). The least sensitive species was Glycine max which showed an EC50 value of 89.7 and NOEC 25 mg/kg soil dry weight.