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EC number: 200-001-8 | CAS number: 50-00-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
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- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
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- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
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- Endpoint summary
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- Environmental data
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- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
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- Toxicological Summary
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Direct observations: clinical cases, poisoning incidents and other
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- direct observations: clinical cases, poisoning incidents and other
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- A Bisensory Method for Odor and Irritation Detection of Formaldehyde and Pyridine
- Author:
- Berglund B., Höglund A., Esfandabad H.S.
- Year:
- 2 012
- Bibliographic source:
- Chem. Percept. (2012) 5:146–157
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- other: Odor and irritation perception
- Endpoint addressed:
- acute toxicity: inhalation
- respiratory irritation
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A bisensory method was applied for determining the psychometric functions and absolute thresholds for odor and sensory irritation of formaldehyde in male and female volunteers
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Formaldehyde
- EC Number:
- 200-001-8
- EC Name:
- Formaldehyde
- Cas Number:
- 50-00-0
- Molecular formula:
- C H2 O
- IUPAC Name:
- formaldehyde
- Test material form:
- other: no additional information
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Name of test material (as cited in study report): Formaldehyde
Method
- Type of population:
- general
- Subjects:
- Participants:
- 31 healty non smoking volunteers (15 woman, 16 men)
- Age: mean 24.5 years, range 18-35 years
- Smokers and oral or nasal snuff users were not allowed
- Before the start of the experiment, the experimenter checked that the participant fulfilled recruitment requirements: (a) was not wearing perfume, scented cosmetics, skin creams, and lotions, (b) had not eaten spicy food like garlic, and (c) was in good health and without allergies, colds, or any respiratory tract disease. - Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Route of exposure:
- inhalation
- Reason of exposure:
- intentional
- Exposure assessment:
- measured
- Details on exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- The test chamber consists of three parts: an air-quality controlled and air conditioned waiting room combined with an adjacent clean-air test chamber with an exposure hood in front of the subject’s seat. On the other side of the wall, the hood is connected to a dynamic-flow olfactometer in a chemical laboratory.
- The formaldehyde atmosphere was generated by blowing charcoal filtered air through a solution of paraformaldehyde (pretreated in 105–110 °C for 3 h) in 1 N sodium hydroxide. This atmosphere was in the dynamic-flow olfactometer diluted with charcoal filtered air in two steps: (1)first to 100 ppm (vol/vol) formaldehyde, monitored continuously with infrared analysis (Miran 80), (2) then to the 18 concentrations with the aid of steel capillaries injected into the main clean airflow (100 L/min) to the exposure hood.
TEST ATMOSPHERE
Every experimental day, the 18 hood concentrations of formaldehyde (and the blanks) were measured 12 times with a continuous flow analysis instrument (Skalar SA 90000). It is based on the acetyl acetone method and UV detection, with a lowest range setting of 0–50 ppb formaldehyde. No formaldehyde was detected in background clean air of the hood (blanks).
CONCENTRATIONS:
6.36, 10.1, 14.4, 18.1, 23.1, 31.7, 42.4, 57.4, 73.4, 101.4, 134.1, 177.7, 236.7, 316.1, 420.7, 567.0, 755.0, and 1000.0 ppb.
EXPOSURE:
- Each of the 31 participants evaluated 288 hood exposures (12×18 concentrations plus 72 blanks).
- Each participant first spent at least 30 min in the waiting room of the laboratory
- The participant took one sniff of less than 3 s in the hood.
- The face (nose with closed mouth) was then moved inside a teflon-sheet opening of the front of the exposure hood (teflon-coated).
- During the interexposure intervals (in-between sniffs), the subject’s head was withdrawn from the hood for her/him to be able to breathe the clean air of the test chamber (red signal in hood).
- Presentation orders were random with 36 formaldehyde presentations in each of eight 12-min sessions (3 sniffs per minute). - Examinations:
- - ability to detect odor and/or sensory irritation and clean air was determined.
- For every hood presentation (odorous irritant or blanks), the participant evaluated his/her sniff and responded with one of four forced-choice response alternatives
(1) yesyes: an odor was detected accompanied with a sensory irritation detection,
(2) yes-no: an odor was detected but not a sensory irritation,
(3) no-yes: an odor was not detected, but a sensory irritation was.
(4) no-no: neither an odor nor a sensory irritation was detected.
For each of the 31 subjects in the formaldehyde experiments, the absolute thresholds at P50, and the interquartile (P75–P25) range were determined.
Results and discussion
- Results of examinations:
- - P50 absolute thresholds were for formaldehyde odor 110 ppb (range 23–505).
- For sensory irritation the P50 could not be calculated because too few subjects were studied and the exposure was limited to 1000 ppb. However, all thresholds for irritation were higher than for odor.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
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