Registration Dossier
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 235-252-2 | CAS number: 12141-20-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Genetic toxicity: in vivo
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian cell study: DNA damage and/or repair
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 001
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Male mice were exposed via inhalation to 0.0068 ug/cc lead acetate for 60 minutes and liver, lung, and kidney cells were collected for an acellular DNA assay using lead acetate concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 uM.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- mammalian comet assay
Test material
Reference
- Name:
- Unnamed
- Type:
- Constituent
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Lead acetate was obtained from Merck (Germany)
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- CD-1
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Biomedical Research Institute Vivarium, UNAM, Mexico
- Age at study initiation: 45-63 days
- Weight at study initiation: 30-35 g
- Housing: plastic cages
- Diet: ad libitum, purine rat chow
- Water: ad libitum
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 15-19
- Humidity (%): 45-55
- Photoperiod : 12 hour light/12 hours dark
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: aerosol
- Vehicle:
- Deionized water
- Details on exposure:
- Inhalation exposure was performed in an acrylic box connected to an ultra-nebulizer with a flux of 10 L/min. Animals were placed in the box with 0.0068 ug/cc lead acetate for 60 minutes.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 60 minutes
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- 0.0068 ug/cc
Basis: nominal conc.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 3 per group
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Positive control(s):
- None
Examinations
- Tissues and cell types examined:
- Liver, kidney, and lung tissues were removed and cells were isolated for in vitro studies.
- Details of tissue and slide preparation:
- Cell suspensions were mixed with LMPA and loaded onto microscope slides prelayered with agarose. Slides were immersed in a lysis solution, then an acellular assay for DNA migration was performed with 10 nM to 1 uM lead acetate. For this assay, slides were immersed in 50 ml PBS with lead acetate for 10 minutes, then electrophoresed and stained with ethidium bromide. DNA migration was evaluated by visualization with a fluorescence microscope.
- Evaluation criteria:
- DNA migration was evaluated on 100 cells/tissue/animal.
- Statistics:
- Mann-Whitney U-test for statistical differences between treatments in the acellular assay. ANOVA t-test for differences of free radicals and lipid peroxidation.
Results and discussion
Test results
- Sex:
- male
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Toxicity:
- yes
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not examined
- Positive controls validity:
- not examined
Any other information on results incl. tables
DNA damage was induced by lead in all tissues examined, but a dose-response relationship was not observed. Lead in combination with cadmium (0.1 uM) showed a synergistic effect in lung and kidney, but not liver, cells. In the presence of proteinase K, lead did not induce DNA damage in the acellular assay. Because of the inconsistent results, additional genomic DNA and the plasmid pUSE amp+ were examined with lead exposure and no DNA damage was observed. Lead induced the production of free radicals and lipid peroxidation in lung and liver cells.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): negative
The authors suggested that lead does not directly interact with DNA, rather it may affect DNA through indirect mechanisms, such as oxidative stress or interaction with DNA-associated proteins. - Executive summary:
Male mice were exposed via inhalation to 0.0068 ug/cc lead acetate for 60 minutes and liver, lung, and kidney cells were collected for an acellular DNA assay using lead acetate concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 uM. DNA damage was induced by lead in all tissues examined, but a dose-response relationship was not observed. Lead in combination with cadmium (0.1 uM) showed a synergistic effect in lung and kidney, but not liver, cells. In the presence of proteinase K, lead did not induce DNA damage in the acellular assay. Because of the inconsistent results, additional genomic DNA and the plasmid pUSE amp+ were examined with lead exposure and no DNA damage was observed. Lead induced the production of free radicals and lipid peroxidation in lung and liver cells. The authors suggested that lead does not directly interact with DNA, rather it may affect DNA through indirect mechanisms, such as oxidative stress or interaction with DNA-associated proteins.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.

Route: .live1