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EC number: 217-168-8 | CAS number: 1761-71-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- GLP guideline study (OECD 211) of the structural analogue DM-PACM (CAS 6864-37-5). PACM and DM-PACM are considered read-across analogues based on structural similarity and similar physico-chemical and toxicological properties. The common structural features of the two substances are: a common functional primary amine group; the amines are bound to a cyclic aliphatic organic substituent; there are no elements other than carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen; identical structures except for a methyl group on each cyclohexane, ortho to the amine on DM-PACM similar molecular weights, both under 500 daltons, qualifying as “low molecular weight” compounds. For a detailed read across justification see also the attached justification document.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 5.48 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Remarks:
- (analytically verified)
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- (parental mortality)
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 2.55 - 33.0 mg/L
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 7.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Remarks:
- (analytically verified)
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 7.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Remarks:
- (analytically verified)
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Remarks:
- (analytically verified)
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Details on results:
- - Mortality of parent animals: control: 10%
- Mean living young per surviving adult after 21 d: control: 205
- Average time to first brood release or time to hatch: control: 8.1 d
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: no
- The analytically measured concentrations of the test substance in the test water were within the range of ± 20% of the nominal concentration in all tested concentrations without any exception. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Reference substance: potassium dichromate
- 48-h EC50: 0.9 mg/L
- Results with reference substance valid? yes
(required: 0.6 - 2.1 mg/L according to OECD 202) - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Read across to target substance DMDC: The NOEC of 4.0 mg/L indicates that the substance does not present a long-term hazard according to the criteria of Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008) for non-rapidly degradable substances.
- Executive summary:
The analogue chemical DMDC shows comparable physico-chemical behaviour, ecotoxicity and toxicity to that of the target chemical PACM. Available data on aquatic toxicity indicate that toxicity is generally slightly lower for PACM than for its analogue DMDC. Therefore, read across to ecotoxicity data from DMDC is justified (for detailed justification see field "justification for type of information") and can be used in a worst-case approach.
In order to determine chronic effects of 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) (CAS 6864 -37 -5) on aquatic invertebrates, a GLP-study according to OECD 211 (21 d-reproduction test) was performed with Daphnia magna. The test concentrations were analytically verified. The mean measured concentrations for the whole exposure period were within ±20% of the nominal concentration. The NOEC was determined to be 4.0 mg/L (reproduction; nominal) (NITE Japan, 2003; NMMP/E00/3090). All validity criteria were fulfilled in this study. Based on the NOEC of 4.0 mg/L chronic effects on aquatic invertebrates are not expected.
Reference
Table 1: Measured concentration of DMDC during a 21 -day exposure of Daphnia magna under semi-static conditions
Nominal conc [mg/L] |
Measured conc [mg/L] |
|
|
|
|
|
Time-weighted mean [mg/L] |
Percent of nominal [%] |
|
0 day new |
2 day old |
6 day new |
8 day old |
13 day new |
15 day old |
|
|
Original test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Control |
< 0.004 |
< 0.004 |
< 0.004 |
< 0.004 |
< 0.004 |
< 0.004 |
- |
- |
0.21 |
0.20 |
0.22 |
0.21 |
0.21 |
0.21 |
0.22 |
0.21 |
100.0 |
0.38 |
0.39 |
0.39 |
0.38 |
0.39 |
0.38 |
0.38 |
0.38 |
100.0 |
0.69 |
0.71 |
0.71 |
0.69 |
0.70 |
0.70 |
0.69 |
0.70 |
101.4 |
1.23 |
1.24 |
1.24 |
1.24 |
1.25 |
1.24 |
1.23 |
1.24 |
100.8 |
2.22 |
2.25 |
2.23 |
2.22 |
2.26 |
2.25 |
2.22 |
2.24 |
100.9 |
4.00 |
4.05 |
4.03 |
4.04 |
4.14 |
4.04 |
4.03 |
4.06 |
101.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 day new |
2 day old |
7 day new |
9 day old |
14 day new |
16 day old |
|
|
Supplemental test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Control |
< 0.004 |
< 0.004 |
< 0.004 |
< 0.004 |
< 0.004 |
< 0.004 |
- |
- |
7.20 |
8.36 |
8.08 |
7.28 |
7.84 |
7.28 |
7.82 |
7.77 |
107.9 |
13.0 |
14.4 |
14.0 |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
13.0 |
109.2 |
23.3 |
24.6 |
24.0 |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
23.3 |
104.3 |
new: freshly prepared test solutions
old: test solutions after 2 days exposure
(a): no measurement was made because all Daphnia magna were dead at this observation time
Table 2: Cumulative numbers of dead parental Daphnia
Nominal conc [mg/L] |
Days |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
20 |
21 |
Original test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Control |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0.21 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0.38 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.69 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
1.23 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2.22 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
4.00 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Supplemental test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Control |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
7.20 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
13.0 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
23.3 |
0 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
Table 3: Mean cumulative numbers of juveniles produced per adult
Nominal conc [mg/L] |
Days |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
20 |
21 |
Original test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Control |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
1.4 |
9.8 |
13.6 |
29.4 |
49.1 |
60.3 |
78.8 |
100.4 |
111.1 |
128.0 |
148.3 |
158.9 |
176.4 |
193.4 |
204.8 |
0.21 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
4.5 |
11.8 |
23.1 |
40.8 |
54.0 |
79.0 |
92.5 |
106.5 |
130.8 |
139.6 |
144.4 |
171.8 |
182.0 |
189.0 |
0.38 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
1.4 |
6.4 |
6.4 |
22.5 |
39.3 |
42.8 |
89.6 |
89.6 |
93.7 |
121.0 |
139.0 |
143.4 |
167.7 |
186.0 |
190.6 |
0.69 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
3.9 |
7.3 |
13.6 |
29.1 |
39.4 |
55.3 |
94.3 |
94.3 |
110.3 |
142.1 |
142.3 |
148.4 |
169.4 |
170.0 |
191.1 |
1.23 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
4.3 |
10.6 |
10.6 |
33.8 |
43.9 |
44.0 |
101.6 |
101.6 |
101.6 |
149.5 |
152.9 |
152.9 |
204.4 |
204.5 |
204.5 |
2.22 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
3.8 |
5.3 |
9.3 |
29.3 |
29.3 |
37.0 |
75.3 |
75.3 |
102.8 |
133.0 |
133.0 |
153.8 |
176.8 |
176.8 |
202.5 |
4.00 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
2.5 |
4.1 |
14.5 |
27.3 |
27.3 |
55.5 |
84.8 |
84.8 |
114.1 |
124.1 |
124.1 |
137.1 |
163.4 |
163.4 |
192.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Supplemental test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Control |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
6.2 |
8.5 |
14.1 |
40.8 |
44.6 |
60.1 |
95.5 |
102.9 |
120.5 |
151.9 |
156.8 |
171.5 |
199.7 |
202.7 |
215.0 |
7.20 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
1.6 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
18.1 |
22.4 |
34.3 |
49.6 |
56.3 |
72.4 |
97.0 |
97.0 |
115.4 |
140.8 |
140.8 |
157.8 |
13.0 |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
23.3 |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
- (a) |
(a): all parental daphnia were dead during 21 days of exposure period
BIOLOGICAL RESULTS
Reproduction and Mortality Summary after 21 days
Nominal concentration [mg/L] |
Reproduction per surviving parent |
Mortality |
||
Parent animals (%) |
||||
Mean living young (S.D.)a |
% inhibition rateb |
|
||
0 (control) |
205 (18.1) |
- |
10 |
|
0.21 |
189 (15.5) |
8 |
20 |
|
0.38 |
191 (23.2) |
7 |
0 |
|
0.69 |
191 (22.2) |
7 |
30 |
|
1.23 |
205 (21.7) |
0 |
20 |
|
2.22 |
203 (9.04) |
1 |
60 |
|
4.00 |
193 (39.1) |
6 |
20 |
|
Supplemental test | ||||
0 (control) | 215 (21.5) | - | 0 | |
7.20 | 158 (54.8) | 26.6* | 20 | |
13.0 | - | 100 | ||
23.3 | - | 100 |
a:Standard deviation.
b: Effect relative to control.
*: Indicates a significant difference (α = 0.05) from the control (by F&t-test procedure, two-sided test)
Other biological observations among surviving parent animals in each concentration after a 21 day exposure
Test conc. [mg/L, nominal] |
Mean days to first brood |
0 (control) |
8.1 |
0.21 |
8.4 |
0.38 |
8.7 |
0.69 |
7.9 |
1.23 |
7.6 |
2.22 |
8.5 |
4.00 |
8.0 |
Supplemental test | |
0 (control) | 7.6 |
7.20 | 8.0 |
13.0 | - |
23.3 | - |
*: p ≤ 0.05; **: p ≤ 0.01 (no significant effects were observed)
No additional adverse effects or abnormal behavior were observed in any of the test groups.
OTHER OBSERVATIONS
pH-values(always measured in replicate 1)
Nominal concentration [mg/L] |
Day of the test |
|||||
0a |
2b |
6a |
8b |
13a |
15b |
|
0 (control) |
7.3 |
7.3 |
7.2 |
7.3 |
7.1 |
7.2 |
0.21 |
7.3 |
7.5 |
7.2 |
7.5 |
7.1 |
7.4 |
0.38 |
7.3 |
7.6 |
7.2 |
7.5 |
7.1 |
7.4 |
0.69 |
7.3 |
7.7 |
7.3 |
7.6 |
7.2 |
7.4 |
1.23 |
7.3 |
7.7 |
7.3 |
7.6 |
7.2 |
7.5 |
2.22 |
7.4 |
7.7 |
7.3 |
7.7 |
7.3 |
7.5 |
4.00 |
7.4 |
7.8 |
7.4 |
7.7 |
7.3 |
7.5 |
Day | 0a |
2b |
7a |
9b |
14a |
16b |
Supplemental test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Control |
7.2 |
7.1 |
7.4 |
7.4 |
7.4 |
7.4 |
7.20 |
7.4 |
7.2 |
7.5 |
7.6 |
7.8 |
7.6 |
13.0 |
7.7 |
7.3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
23.3 | 8.4 | 7.4 | - | - | - | - |
a: in the freshly prepared test solution
b: before renewal in the old test solutions
Oxygen content [mg/L](always measured in replicate 1)
Nominal concentration [mg/L] |
Day of the test |
|||||
0a |
2b |
6a |
8b |
13a |
15b |
|
0 (control) |
8.9 |
8.6 |
9.0 |
8.5 |
8.3 |
8.2 |
0.21 |
8.7 |
8.7 |
8.6 |
8.4 |
8.7 |
8.2 |
0.38 |
8.6 |
8.6 |
9.0 |
8.7 |
8.5 |
8.2 |
0.69 |
8.4 |
8.6 |
8.7 |
8.7 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
1.23 |
8.6 |
8.8 |
9.0 |
8.4 |
8.4 |
8.4 |
2.22 |
8.9 |
8.6 |
9.0 |
8.7 |
8.5 |
8.4 |
4.00 |
8.2 |
8.9 |
8.8 |
8.5 |
8.3 |
8.2 |
Day | 0a |
2b |
7a |
9b |
14a |
16b |
Supplemental test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Control |
7.7 |
7.2 |
8.1 |
8.0 |
9.0 |
8.1 |
7.20 |
8.3 |
7.9 |
8.8 |
7.9 |
9.0 |
8.3 |
13.0 |
8.1 |
8.0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
23.3 |
8.1 |
7.7 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
a: in the freshly prepared test solution
b: before renewal in the old test solutions
Total hardness [mmol/L](always measured in replicate 1)
Nominal concentration [mg/L] |
Day of the test |
|||||
0a |
2b |
6a |
8b |
13a |
15b |
|
0 (control) |
2.50 |
2.45 |
2.54 |
2.53 |
2.44 |
2.50 |
0.21 |
2.49 |
2.49 |
2.57 |
2.55 |
2.52 |
2.53 |
0.38 |
2.49 |
2.49 |
2.57 |
2.55 |
2.51 |
2.53 |
0.69 |
2.49 |
2.50 |
2.57 |
2.54 |
2.51 |
2.53 |
1.23 |
2.49 |
2.49 |
2.56 |
2.53 |
2.51 |
2.51 |
2.22 |
2.48 |
2.48 |
2.55 |
2.53 |
2.50 |
2.51 |
4.00 |
2.46 |
2.46 |
2.53 |
2.51 |
2.48 |
2.49 |
Day | 0a |
2b |
7a |
9b |
14a |
16b |
Supplemental test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Control |
2.50 |
2.50 |
2.54 |
2.52 |
2.52 |
2.50 |
7.20 |
2.54 |
2.55 |
2.55 |
2.56 |
2.53 |
2.54 |
13.0 |
2.54 |
2.55 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
23.3 |
2.52 |
2.54 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
a: in the freshly prepared test solution
b: before renewal in the old test solutions
Instantaneous temperature [°C]
Nominal concentration [mg/L] |
Day of the test |
|||||
0a |
2b |
6a |
8b |
13a |
15b |
|
0 (control) |
20.1 |
19.4 |
20.8 |
20.8 |
20.4 |
20.1 |
0.21 |
20.2 |
19.4 |
20.6 |
20.6 |
20.3 |
20.0 |
0.38 |
20.4 |
19.4 |
20.6 |
20.6 |
20.2 |
19.9 |
0.69 |
20.5 |
19.5 |
20.5 |
20.5 |
20.2 |
20.0 |
1.23 |
20.5 |
19.6 |
20.6 |
20.6 |
20.2 |
20.0 |
2.22 |
20.4 |
19.7 |
20.6 |
20.6 |
20.3 |
20.0 |
4.00 |
20.4 |
19.9 |
20.6 |
20.6 |
20.3 |
20.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Day |
0a |
2b |
7a |
9b |
14a |
16b |
Supplemental test |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Control |
20.2 |
20.1 |
20.4 |
20.4 |
19.8 |
20.2 |
7.20 |
19.9 |
20.0 |
20.2 |
20.3 |
20.0 |
19.8 |
13.0 |
19.8 |
20.0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
23.3 |
20.0 |
20.0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
a: in the freshly prepared test solution
b: before renewal in the old test solutions
Description of key information
The NOEC for aquatic invertebrates was based on read across to the 21 d-reproduction inhibition from the key study on Daphnia magna (NITE Japan, 2003; NMMP/E00/3090).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect concentration:
- 4 mg/L
Additional information
Read across to structural analogue substance:
The analogue chemical DMDC shows comparable physico-chemical behaviour, ecotoxicity and toxicity to that of the target chemical PACM. Available data on aquatic toxicity indicate that toxicity is generally slightly lower for PACM than for its analogue DMDC. Therefore, read across to ecotoxicity data from DMDC is justified (for detailed justification see field "justification for type of information" in the study endpoint record for the target chemical PACM) and can be used in a worst-case approach.
This value represents one of the long-term aquatic toxicity values for each of three trophic levels (fish, aquatic invertebrates and aquatic algae and plants). The NOEC of 4.0 mg/L was determined for Daphnia the most sensitive species from the three short-term aquatic toxicity studies. Moreover, based on available long-term data (ACR approach for fish and 72hrs ECr10 for green algae) this value represents also the lowest value for long term effects and was used as the point of departure for the derivation of the PNECaquatic (freshwater).
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