heptan-2-yl [(5-chloroquinolin-8-yl)oxy]acetate

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

Oral, repeated dose toxicity, chronic: NOAEL = 4.33 mg/kg bw/day (rat, feeding study, OECD 451, Fankhauser 1992)

Inhalation, repeated dose toxicity: no data available

Dermal, repeated dose toxicity, sub-acute: NOAEL = 1000 mg/kg bw/day (rat, OECD 410, Schneider 1988)

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Toxic effect type:

dose-dependent

Repeated dose toxicity: via oral route - systemic effects

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

chronic toxicity: oral

Remarks:

combined repeated dose and carcinogenicity

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

20 March 1989 to 08 April 1991

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: OECD Guideline 451 (Carcinogenicity Studies)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: EPA OPP 83-5 (Combined Chronic Toxicity / Carcinogenicity)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Japan, 59 Nohsan No. 4200

Deviations:

no

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Not applicable

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

other: Tif: RAIf (SPF)

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source of animals: Ciba-Geigy Limited, Animal Production, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland.
- Age at study initiation: approximately 5 weeks
- Weight at week -1: 74.85-115.4 g (males), 76.33-107.4 g (females)
- Housing: 5 per sex in macrolon type 4 cages
- Diet: ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 11 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 22±2°C
- Humidity: 55±10%
- Air changes: 16-20 per hr
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark / 12 hrs light

IN-LIFE DATES: From: 20 March 1989 To: 08 April 1991

Route of administration:

oral: feed

Vehicle:

unchanged (no vehicle)

Details on oral exposure:

DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): every 4 weeks
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): certified standard diet (Nafag No. 890 Tox)
- Storage temperature of food: room temperature

VEHICLE- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): not applicable

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Pretest analyses confirmed stability of the diet preparations at room temperature over 35 days. The analysis of the first batch showed that food mixes were homogeneous (-9% to +7% of mean value). The analytically determined concentrations generally ranged from 84.8 to 104.6% of the nominal concentrations. The mean concentrations were 94.2%, 95.6 %, 93.0% and 93.2% of the nominal values in groups 2 to 5, respectively. The analytical data thus indicated that the mixing procedure was adequate and that the variance between nominal and actual dosage was generally acceptable.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

Two years

Frequency of treatment:

Continuous in diet

Dose / conc.:

0 ppm

Remarks:

Negative control

Dose / conc.:

10 ppm

Remarks:

nominal in diet

Dose / conc.:

100 ppm

Remarks:

nominal in diet

Dose / conc.:

1 000 ppm

Remarks:

nominal in diet

Dose / conc.:

2 000 ppm

Remarks:

nominal in diet

No. of animals per sex per dose:

80 per sex per group; 50 animals per sex/group for carcinogenicity evaluation; 10 animals for clinical chemistry, haematology and urinalysis; 10 additional animals for haematology only; 10 animals for interim sacrifice after 12 months

Control animals:

yes, plain diet

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: based on the results of previous acute and repeat dose studies

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: twice daily for signs of toxicity and mortality

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: at least weekly

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: pretest and weekly during the first three months. Thereafter, the weight was recorded monthly

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/week: Yes
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes
- Food consumption per cage were recorded pretest and weekly during the first three months. Thereafter, the weight was recorded monthly

FOOD EFFICIENCY:- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: monthly

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule/dose groups for examinations: eye examinations were conducted in control and high dose group animals pretest, after 26, 52, 78 weeks and at the end of the treatment period. Males and females from intermediate groups were examined prior to terminal sacrifice

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: after 13, 26, 52, 78 and 105 weeks
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (ether)
- Animals fasted: Yes
- How many animals: 20/sex/group
- Parameters examined: erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count, thrombocyte count, prothrombin time, red cell morphology

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: after 13, 26, 52, 78 and 105 weeks
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (ether)
- Animals fasted: Yes
- How many animals: 10/sex/group
- Parameters examined: glucose, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulins, A/G ratio, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, inorganic phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

URINALYSIS: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of urine: pretest and after 13, 26, 52, 78 and 104 weeks
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: Yes -
Animals fasted: Yes (no access to food or water)
- Parameters examined: volume, colour, relative density, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, urine sediment

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No

Sacrifice and pathology:

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes (all animals)
- the following organs were weighed: brain, liver, kidneys, adrenals, gonads, spleen (after one year of treatment). At the end of the 2 year period, the thyroid and pituitary glands were also weighed

HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (all animals)
- the following tissues were examined microscopically: skin, mammary area, spleen, mesenteric lymph node, axillary lymph node, sternum with bone marrow, femur with joint, skeletal muscle, trachea, lung, heart, aorta, submandibular salivary gland, liver, pancreas, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, urinary bladder, prostate, seminal vesicle, testis, epididymis, uterus, ovary, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid with parathyroid gland, thymus, peripheral nerve, brain, spinal cord, eye with optic nerve, extraorbital lacrimal gland, any tissue with gross lesions

Other examinations:

At autopsy, fat samples were taken to investigate the accumulation of cloquintocet-mexyl after 12 and 24 months

Statistics:

Univariate standard methods were applied to the data. Each group was compared to controls by Lepage’s two sample test and tested for trends by Jonckheere’s test for ordered alternatives.

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Food efficiency:

no effects observed

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

no effects observed

Ophthalmological findings:

no effects observed

Haematological findings:

no effects observed

Clinical biochemistry findings:

no effects observed

Urinalysis findings:

no effects observed

Behaviour (functional findings):

not examined

Immunological findings:

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Neuropathological findings:

not examined

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Histopathology did not reveal any inflammatory or degenerative changes which could be related to the test article. Lymphoid hyperplasia of the thymus was diagnosed in some males. The statistical trend analysis indicated a significant, treatment-related effect in the top dose group. There was no effect on thymic neoplastic lesions. Among the females, increased incidences of thyroid gland follicle hyperplasia were found. The changes were graded as slight in all cases with no dose-related trend in severity. Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect in the animals treated at 1000 ppm and above. Hyperplasia of the thyroid follicle epithelium is known to occur spontaneously in the rat strain used and the incidence in the 100 ppm dose group was comparable to the incidence usually found in control animals of this rat strain. In the absence of a dose relationship, the observation made in the 10 ppm group was considered to be an outlier and thus incidental. Furthermore there was no correlation between thyroid hyperplasia and proliferative lesions of the pituitary gland.

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

no effects observed

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

100 ppm

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

female

Basis for effect level:

other: Hyperplastic changes in the thymus of males at 2000 ppm and of the thyroid gland (follicular epithelial hyperplasia) in females at 1000 and 2000 ppm

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

4.33 mg/kg diet

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

female

Basis for effect level:

histopathology: non-neoplastic

Key result

Critical effects observed:

yes

Lowest effective dose / conc.:

1 000 ppm

System:

endocrine system

Organ:

thyroid gland

Treatment related:

yes

Dose response relationship:

yes

Relevant for humans:

yes

Table 2: Test compound consumption: The average test article intake based on nominal and actual dietary concentrations

Dose of test material	Test article intake (based on nominal concentrations)	Test article intake (based on actual concentrations)
10 ppm	m: 0.387 mg/kg f: 0.451 mg/kg	m: 0.365 mg/kg f: 0.425 mg/kg
100 ppm	m: 3.947 mg/kg f: 4.530 mg/kg	m: 3.773 mg/kg f: 4.331 mg/kg
1000 ppm	m: 39.10 mg/kg f: 44.35 mg/kg	m: 36.36 mg/kg f: 41.25 mg/kg
2000 ppm	m: 78.56 mg/kg f: 87.49 mg/kg	m: 73.40 mg/kg f: 81.54 mg/kg

Table 3: Histopathological findings in the chronic rat study with cloquintocet-mexyl

	0	10	100	1000	2000	Historic control values
Males
Thymus - Lymphoid hyperplasia - severity	0	0	1 1	2 1	5 2
- Lymphoma	0	2	0	1	0
Thyroid - hyperplasia follicular epithelium	2	6	7	5	3
Females
Thymus - Lymphoid hyperplasia	2	2	0	0	0
Thyroid - hyperplasia follicular epithelium - severity	0 0	8 1.4	5 1.6	10 1.5	11 1.4	0-4/76

Conclusions:

The effects of toxicological significance were hyperplastic changes in the thymus of males treated at 2000 ppm and of the thyroid gland in the females treated at 1000 and 2000 ppm. The NOAEL was 100 ppm, equivalent to a mean daily dose of 3.77 mg/kg bw/day in males and 4.33 mg/kg bw/day in females.

Executive summary:

The chronic repeated dose toxicity of the substance to the rat via the oral route was studied under GLP to OECD TG 451. Groups of 80 male and 80 female Tif:RAIf (SPF) rats were fed diet containing 0 (control), 10, 100, 1000 or 2000 ppm cloquintocet-mexyl. Mortality, clinical appearance and behaviour, bodyweights, bodyweight changes, food consumption, ophthalmology, haematology, blood and urine biochemistry, organ weights, gross pathology and histopathology were assessed. Ten animals per group per sex were killed after 52 weeks of treatment for interim examination.

Cloquintocet-mexyl was well tolerated at dietary concentrations up to 2000 ppm (73.4/81.5 mg/kg bwt/day in males and females respectively). The effects of toxicological significance were hyperplasic changes in the thymus of males at 2000 ppm and of the thyroid gland in females at 1000 and 2000 ppm.

Based on the histopathological findings of the thyroid follicular epithelial hyperplasia at 1000 ppm in females the NOAEL was 100 ppm, equivalent to a mean daily dose of 3.77/4.33 mg/kg bw/day in males and females respectively.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

sub-chronic toxicity: oral

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

10 May 1988 to 12 August 1988

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 408 (Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)

Deviations:

not applicable

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

other: Tif: RAIf rat, Sprague-Dawley derived

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Age at study initiation: 4-5 weeks old
- Weight at study initiation: 101.9 - 131.7 g (males), 102.8 - 131.9 g (females)
- Source of animals: Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Animal Production, Sisseln, Switzerland

IN-LIFE DATES: From: 10.05.1988 To: 12.08.1988

Route of administration:

oral: feed

Vehicle:

other: diet

Details on oral exposure:

DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): monthly
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): the test material was admixed to standard rodent diet. As it was found that pelleting of food resulted in a loss of test material, the treated food was used in pulverized form

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Analyses were done with the first and the last batch prepared using a HPLC method.
The analytically determined concentrations ranged from 92.8 to 102.3% of the nominal concentrations. The food mixes were homogeneous (-6% to +4% of mean value) and stable at room temperature over at least 35 days. The analytical data thus indicated that the mixing procedure was adequate and that the variance between nominal and actual dosage was acceptable.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

The rats were exposed for 85 days to treated diet and some were retained untreated (fed normal diet only) for a recovery period that ended on day 114

Frequency of treatment:

Continuous in diet

Dose / conc.:

0 ppm

Remarks:

Negative control

Dose / conc.:

30 ppm

Remarks:

nominal in diet, corresponding to 2.036 mg/kg bw/day in females, 2.039 mg/kg bw/day in males

Dose / conc.:

150 ppm

Remarks:

nominal in diet, corresponding to 10.23 mg/kg bw/day in females, 9.66 mg/kg bw/day in males

Dose / conc.:

1 000 ppm

Remarks:

nominal in diet, corresponding to 68.51 mg/kg bw/day in females, 63.89 mg/kg bw/day in males

Dose / conc.:

6 000 ppm

Remarks:

nominal in diet, corresponding to 407.3 mg/kg bw/day in females, 384.2 mg/kg bw/day in males

No. of animals per sex per dose:

10

Control animals:

yes, plain diet

Details on study design:

10 males and 10 females per test group plus 10 males and 10 females for each recovery group

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: animals were checked twice daily for signs of toxicity and mortality

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: body weight were taken pretest and weekly during the treatment period.

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): Yes
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes
- Food and water consumption were recorded weekly

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: pretest and at the end of the treatment (day 85) or recovery period (day 114)
- Dose groups that were examined: control and high dose group animals

HAEMATOLOGY/CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: blood was collected from surviving animals at the end of the treatment period (n=20) and at the end of the recovery period (n=10)
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: no data
- Animals fasted: Yes (overnight)
- A full guideline compliant list of haematology and clinical chemistry parameters was investigated for terminal and recovery phase blood samples

Sacrifice and pathology:

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
- selected organs weighed (all animals)
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes
- The sole decedent in the high dose group, all animals killed at the scheduled treatment termination or at the end of the recovery phase were subject to necropsy in accordance with test guidelines and preservation and preparation of a full list of tissues for histopathology

Statistics:

Univariate standard methods were applied to the data. Each treated group was compared to the control group (Lepage test). In addition a trend test (Jonckheere test) was applied considering all groups.

Clinical signs:

effects observed, treatment-related

Mortality:

mortality observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence):

One male at 6000 ppm died

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Body weight gains for high dose males were slightly reduced and the females were slightly lighter than controls but no clear dose relationship was established

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Water consumption was higher (+20%) for the high dose group compared with control but returned to normal when treated diet was withdrawn in the recovery phase

Ophthalmological findings:

no effects observed

Haematological findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

High dose males (6000 ppm) showed a slight prolongation of the prothrombin time, which was not detected in the recovery group. In the absence of any other haematological changes, this isolated finding is considered to be of doubtful toxicological significance.

Clinical biochemistry findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

The plasma glucose level was lower in males treated at 6000 ppm, higher bilirubin levels were found in males treated at 1000 and 6000 ppm, lower cholesterol levels were noted in the top dose group females. All parameters were normal at the end of the recovery period

Urinalysis findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

The high dose group males excreted greater volumes of less concentrated urine (reduced relative density) compared with other groups. This was consistent with higher water intake by this group.

Behaviour (functional findings):

not examined

Immunological findings:

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Mean absolute and relative liver weights were reduced in males and females treated at 1000 and 6000 ppm. A trend for decreased kidney weights was noted in the males treated at 1000 ppm and above and - as a slight tendency - also in the top dose group females. The recovery groups showed no differences between treated groups and controls.

Gross pathological findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

One high dose (6000 ppm) male died on day 63. Post mortem investigations revealed acute nephritis, hydronephrosis with multifocal calcifications and inflammation of the urinary bladder. The findings were considered to be treatment-related.
For animals terminated at the end of treatment with test diet, dilated kidneys were seen in two males from the high dose group (6000 ppm), one of these was the decedent that had died prematurely. In the recovery group, four additional males from the top dose group were found with the same diagnosis and one male from the same group had a dilated urinary bladder. No other notable pathological changes were evident.

Neuropathological findings:

not examined

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Hydronephrosis was evident at the end of treatment for 3/10 males treated at 6000 ppm. The same observation was made in 4/9 males from the recovery group and in the individual which died prematurely. The finding was accompanied by inflammatory and fibrotic changes in the renal cortex. Hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltrations of the urinary bladder were found in 1/10 males at the first sacrifice, in the male which had died and in 4/9 males from the recovery group. The same observation was made in one male treated at 1000 ppm

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not examined

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

150 ppm

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

histopathology: non-neoplastic

Remarks on result:

other: Bladder hyperplasia and inflammation in 1/10 males at 1000 ppm.

Key result

Critical effects observed:

no

The analytically determined concentrations ranged from 92.8 to 102.3% of the nominal concentrations. The food mixes were homogeneous (-6% to +4% of mean value) and stable at room temperature over at least 35 days. The analytical data thus indicated that the mixing procedure was adequate and that the variance between nominal and actual dosage was acceptable.

The calculated mean daily intake of cloquintocet-mexyl based on the analytically determined concentrations was 2.039, 9.66, 63.89 and 384.2 mg/kg bw/day in males and 2.036, 10.23, 68.51 and 407.3 mg/kg bw/day in females.

Table 1: Cloquintocet-mexyl: 3 month toxicity study in rats - Mean body weight and body weight gain

ppm	0	30	150	100	6000
Males Pretest (g)	118.9	120.4	115.8	117.2	119.4
Week 13	477.9	512.8	473.2	475.9	456.3
Body weight gain pretest-week 13	359	392.4	357.4	358.7	336.9
(% of control)					94
Week 17	517.6	561.7	505.4	535.6	499.1
Females
Week 13	115.5	113.4	114.9	111.2	115.0
Body weight gain pretest-week 13 (% of control)	309.2	292.2	297.8	297.8	294.9
Week 17	327.4	305.5	314.0	314.0	315.5

 

Table 2: Cloquintocet-mexyl: 3 month toxicity study in rats - Blood chemistry data (week 14)

	Males					Females
ppm	0	30	150	1000	6000	0	30	150	1000	6000
Glucose (mmol/l)	8.47	8.19	8.49	8.17	7.69*	7.23	7.22	7.08	6.86*	6.89
Bilirubin (mmol/l)	3.23	2.92	3.13	3.91**	4.15**	3.14	3.07	2.93	3.37**	3.47**
*: p 0.05, **: p 0.01, Lepage test

 Table 3: Cloquintocet-mexyl: 3 month toxicity study in rats – Organ weights

Dose level (ppm)	0	30	150	1000	6000
Males
Liver weight (g	18.63	18.19	17.60	15.36*	14.79*
Liver to b.w. ratio	41.04	37.42	38.37	35.25*	34.67*
Kidney weight (g)	2.926	2.895	2.774	2.581*	2.634
Kidney to b.w. ratio	6.430	5.987	6.092*	5.924*	6.202
Females
Liver weight (g	10.84	9.774	10.36	9.493	9.090*
Liver to b.w. ratio	38.58	35.79	37.06	35.20	33.43
Kidney weight (g)	1.867	1.802	1.907	1.824	1.693
Kidney to b.w. ratio	6.645	6.620	6.825	6.760	6.233
*: p 0.05, **: p 0.01, Lepage test

Table 4: Cloquintocet-mexyl: 3 month toxicity study in rats - Histopathology data

	Males					Females
ppm	0	30	150	1000	6000	0	30	150	1000	6000
Kidney
Hydronephrosis: 14 weeks	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0
18 weeks	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	0	0	0
Urinary bladder
Hyperplasia
14 weeks	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
18 weeks	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	0	0	0
Inflammatory cell infiltration
14 weeks	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
18 weeks	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	0	0	0

 

Conclusions:

Based on the effects seen in the bladder of males the NOAEL was 150 ppm, equivalent to a mean daily intake of 9.66 mg/kg in males and 10.2 mg/kg in females

Executive summary:

The repeated dose toxicity of the substance was studied under GLP to OECD TG 408 for a period of 13 weeks. Groups of male and female Tif: RAIf, Sprague-Dawley derived rats were treated for three months with cloquintocet-mexyl via dietary admixture and additional animals were retained for a post-treatment recovery phase to check for reversibility of effects. The dose levels used were 0 (control), 30, 150, 1000 and 6000 ppm. 

Subchronic dietary treatment for 3 month with cloquintocet-mexyl caused mortality in one male rat at a high dose of 6000 ppm. In male rats the target organs of toxicity were the kidney, which showed hydronephrosis and chronic inflammatory changes, and the urinary bladder indicated by hyperplasia and inflammation. Based on the effects seen in the bladder of males the NOAEL was 150 ppm, equivalent to a mean daily intake of 9.66 mg/kg in males and 10.2 mg/kg in females.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

4.33 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

chronic

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

Fully reliable studies on the sub-chronic and chronic repeated dose toxicity of cloquintocet-mexyl to rats via the oral route are available, which are selected as key studies. Additional supporting studies in mice and rats are also available.

Organ:

thyroid gland

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - systemic effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - local effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - systemic effects

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

short-term repeated dose toxicity: dermal

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

19 October 1987 to 16 November 1987

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 410 (Repeated Dose Dermal Toxicity: 21/28-Day Study)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

occlusive dressing used

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPP 82-2 (Repeated Dose Dermal Toxicity -21/28 Days)

Deviations:

no

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Not applicable

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

yes

Species:

rat

Strain:

other: Tif: RAIf rat

Details on species / strain selection:

Sprague-Dawley derived

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source of animals: Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Animal Production, Sisseln, Switzerland
- Age at study initiation: 8 weeks
- Weight at study initiation (week -1): 261-323 g (males), 225-286 g (females)
- Fasting period before study: no
- Housing: individually in macrolon type 3 cages
- Diet: Nafag No. 890 Tox diet ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 7 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 22±3°C
- Humidity: 55±15%
- Air changes (per hr): approximately 15/hr
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark / 12 hrs light

IN-LIFE DATES: From:19.10.1987 To: 16.11.1987

Type of coverage:

occlusive

Vehicle:

unchanged (no vehicle)

Details on exposure:

TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: shaved dorsum
- % coverage: 10% body surface
- Type of wrap if used: gauze pad backed with aluminium foil secured around trunk with adhesive tape
- Time intervals for shavings or clipplings: clipped 24 h prior to administration and at weekly intervals during the test

REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): cleaned with lukewarm water
- Time after start of exposure: exposure was for 6h per day for 5 days per week for 4 weeks

TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 0, 50, 200 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day
- Concentration (if solution): test material applied as supplied
- test site and gauze pad moistened with distilled water immediately before application

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

not specified

Duration of treatment / exposure:

6 hours per day

Frequency of treatment:

5 days per week for 4 consecutive weeks

Dose / conc.:

0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

50 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

No. of animals per sex per dose:

5

Control animals:

yes, sham-exposed

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: based on the findings of previous studies

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily for mortality

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily

DERMAL IRRITATION (if dermal study): Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: daily, approximately 17 hours after removal of the dressing

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: pre-test and subsequently at weekly intervals

FOOD CONSUMPTION:
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes

FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: after 4 weeks of treatment
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (ether)
- Animals fasted: Yes, overnight
- How many animals: all survivors
- Parameters examined: erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count, thrombocyte count, prothrombin time, red cell morphology

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: after 4 weeks of treatment
- Animals fasted: Yes, overnight
- How many animals: all survivors
- Parameters examined: glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, globulins, A/G ratio, sodium, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase

URINALYSIS: No

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No

Sacrifice and pathology:

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes (all animals)
- the following organs were weighed: brain, heart, liver, kidneys, adrenals, thymus, ovaries/testes, spleen .

HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (all animals)
- the following tissues were examined microscopically: skin (treated and untreated area), mammary area, spleen, mesenteric lymph node, axillary lymph node, popliteal lymph node, sternum with bone marrow, femur with joint, skeletal muscle, trachea, lung, heart, aorta, submandibular salivary gland, liver, pancreas, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, urinary bladder, prostate, seminal vesicle, testis, epididymis, uterus, ovary, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid with parathyroid gland, thymus, peripheral nerve, brain, spinal cord, eye with optic nerve, extraorbital lacrimal gland, any tissue with gross lesions

Statistics:

Univariate standard methods were applied

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Dermal irritation:

no effects observed

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Food efficiency:

no effects observed

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

no effects observed

Clinical biochemistry findings:

no effects observed

Urinalysis findings:

not examined

Behaviour (functional findings):

not examined

Immunological findings:

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Neuropathological findings:

not examined

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

no effects observed

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not examined

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Remarks on result:

not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects

Key result

Critical effects observed:

no

Conclusions:

The NOAEL for systemic and local effects was 1000 mg/kg bw/day in the rat in this study.

Executive summary:

The 28-day dermal repeated dose toxicity of the substance was studied under GLP to OECD TG 410. Five male and five female Tif:RAIf (SPF) rats were subject to topical application of cloquintocet-mexyl at dose levels of 0 (control), 50, 200 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 6 hours per day, five days per week for four consecutive weeks. Mortality, clinical appearance and behaviour, signs of skin irritation, bodyweights, bodyweight changes, food consumption, haematology, blood biochemistry, organ weights, gross pathology and histopathology were assessed.

Dermal administration of cloquintocet-mexyl was tolerated without any local or systemic effects in all groups up to the highest dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for systemic and local effects was 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

One fully reliable GLP study available.

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - local effects

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

short-term repeated dose toxicity: dermal

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

19 October 1987 to 16 November 1987

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 410 (Repeated Dose Dermal Toxicity: 21/28-Day Study)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

occlusive dressing used

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPP 82-2 (Repeated Dose Dermal Toxicity -21/28 Days)

Deviations:

no

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Not applicable

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

yes

Species:

rat

Strain:

other: Tif: RAIf rat

Details on species / strain selection:

Sprague-Dawley derived

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source of animals: Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Animal Production, Sisseln, Switzerland
- Age at study initiation: 8 weeks
- Weight at study initiation (week -1): 261-323 g (males), 225-286 g (females)
- Fasting period before study: no
- Housing: individually in macrolon type 3 cages
- Diet: Nafag No. 890 Tox diet ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 7 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 22±3°C
- Humidity: 55±15%
- Air changes (per hr): approximately 15/hr
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark / 12 hrs light

IN-LIFE DATES: From:19.10.1987 To: 16.11.1987

Type of coverage:

occlusive

Vehicle:

unchanged (no vehicle)

Details on exposure:

TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: shaved dorsum
- % coverage: 10% body surface
- Type of wrap if used: gauze pad backed with aluminium foil secured around trunk with adhesive tape
- Time intervals for shavings or clipplings: clipped 24 h prior to administration and at weekly intervals during the test

REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): cleaned with lukewarm water
- Time after start of exposure: exposure was for 6h per day for 5 days per week for 4 weeks

TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 0, 50, 200 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day
- Concentration (if solution): test material applied as supplied
- test site and gauze pad moistened with distilled water immediately before application

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

not specified

Duration of treatment / exposure:

6 hours per day

Frequency of treatment:

5 days per week for 4 consecutive weeks

Dose / conc.:

0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

50 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

No. of animals per sex per dose:

5

Control animals:

yes, sham-exposed

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: based on the findings of previous studies

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily for mortality

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily

DERMAL IRRITATION (if dermal study): Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: daily, approximately 17 hours after removal of the dressing

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: pre-test and subsequently at weekly intervals

FOOD CONSUMPTION:
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes

FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: after 4 weeks of treatment
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (ether)
- Animals fasted: Yes, overnight
- How many animals: all survivors
- Parameters examined: erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count, thrombocyte count, prothrombin time, red cell morphology

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: after 4 weeks of treatment
- Animals fasted: Yes, overnight
- How many animals: all survivors
- Parameters examined: glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, globulins, A/G ratio, sodium, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase

URINALYSIS: No

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No

Sacrifice and pathology:

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes (all animals)
- the following organs were weighed: brain, heart, liver, kidneys, adrenals, thymus, ovaries/testes, spleen .

HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (all animals)
- the following tissues were examined microscopically: skin (treated and untreated area), mammary area, spleen, mesenteric lymph node, axillary lymph node, popliteal lymph node, sternum with bone marrow, femur with joint, skeletal muscle, trachea, lung, heart, aorta, submandibular salivary gland, liver, pancreas, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, urinary bladder, prostate, seminal vesicle, testis, epididymis, uterus, ovary, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid with parathyroid gland, thymus, peripheral nerve, brain, spinal cord, eye with optic nerve, extraorbital lacrimal gland, any tissue with gross lesions

Statistics:

Univariate standard methods were applied

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Dermal irritation:

no effects observed

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Food efficiency:

no effects observed

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

no effects observed

Clinical biochemistry findings:

no effects observed

Urinalysis findings:

not examined

Behaviour (functional findings):

not examined

Immunological findings:

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Neuropathological findings:

not examined

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

no effects observed

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not examined

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Remarks on result:

not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects

Key result

Critical effects observed:

no

Conclusions:

The NOAEL for systemic and local effects was 1000 mg/kg bw/day in the rat in this study.

Executive summary:

The 28-day dermal repeated dose toxicity of the substance was studied under GLP to OECD TG 410. Five male and five female Tif:RAIf (SPF) rats were subject to topical application of cloquintocet-mexyl at dose levels of 0 (control), 50, 200 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 6 hours per day, five days per week for four consecutive weeks. Mortality, clinical appearance and behaviour, signs of skin irritation, bodyweights, bodyweight changes, food consumption, haematology, blood biochemistry, organ weights, gross pathology and histopathology were assessed.

Dermal administration of cloquintocet-mexyl was tolerated without any local or systemic effects in all groups up to the highest dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for systemic and local effects was 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Additional information

Repeated dose toxicity has been evaluated in key subchronic and chronic dietary toxicity studies in the rat, mouse and dog. Human exposure to the substance is most likely to arise from residues in food and hence the oral, dietary route is the most relevant route of exposure for mammalian toxicity studies.

In the rat, the key study addressing subchronic exposures (90 day dietary exposure; Fankhauser, 1989) showed increased water consumption, pathological effects in the bladder and kidney and associated clinical chemistry findings at high doses (1000 ppm and above). The 90-day LOAEL for the effects in the bladder was about 63.9 mg/kg bw/day for females and 68.5 mg/kg bw/day for males. The NOAEL was 150 ppm, equivalent to a mean daily intake of 10.2 mg/kg in females and 9.66 mg/kg in males.

Following chronic dietary exposure (2 year study; Fankhauser, 1992) toxicologically significant effects were hyperplastic changes in the thymus of males at 2000 ppm (approximately 73 mg/kg/day in males; 81 mg/kg/day in females) and of the thyroid gland (follicular epithelial hyperplasia) in females at 2000 ppm and 1000 ppm (approximately 36 mg/kg/day in males; 41 mg/kg/day in females). No treatment-related effects were seen at 100 ppm (3.77 or 4.33 mg/kg/day in males and females, respectively).

Dermal administration to rats was tolerated without any local or systemic effects at a limit dose of 1000 mg/kg/day (6 hrs/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks) (Schneider, 1988).

In the subchronic and chronic toxicity studies conducted with mice, treatment-related findings were limited to increased water consumption and chronic inflammatory changes in the urinary bladder at 18 months. The subchronic NOAEL was 2400 ppm, equivalent to 357 and 470 mg/kg/day in males and females, respectively (Fankhauser, 1989) and the chronic NOAEL was 1000 ppm (111 or 102 mg/kg/day in males and females).

Diets containing concentrations of cloquintocet-mexyl of 15000 ppm and greater were unpalatable to dogs leading to significant body weight loss and a number of effects considered to result from general stress and emaciation. In the subchronic toxicity study, liver cell necrosis in one female and thymic atrophy in one male at 1000 ppm (30.2 mg/kg/day) were both considered to be treatment-related (Allen, 1989). However, 1500 ppm (approximately 44 mg/kg/day) administered for 52 weeks was without effects (Corney, 1991).

Justification for classification or non-classification

Adverse effects on the urinary bladder in different test species occurred in oral feeding studies investigating the sub-chronic or chronic repeated dose toxicity of the substance. The LOAEL for these effects in the key 90-day oral repeated dose toxicity study in the rat is less than 100 mg/kg bw/day.
A classification for specific target organ toxicity following repeated exposure (STOT RE Cat. 2) is warranted under Regulation (EC) 1272/2008.