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Ecotoxicological information

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

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Endpoint:
short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Study period:
1984
Reliability:
4 (not assignable)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
secondary literature
Remarks:
original reference is not available (Broecker et al., 1984. Überprüfung der Durchführbarkeit von Prüfungsvorschriften und der Aussagekraft der Stufe 1 und 2 des Chemikaliengesetzes. UFOPLAN-Nr. 106 04 011/07)
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
other: no guideline reported
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Secondary source, test guideline or methods not reported
GLP compliance:
not specified
Analytical monitoring:
not specified
Details on sampling:
Secondary source, no details reported.
Vehicle:
not specified
Details on test solutions:
Secondary source, no details reported.
Test organisms (species):
Daphnia magna
Details on test organisms:
Secondary source, no details reported.
Test type:
static
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
24 h
Post exposure observation period:
Secondary source, no details reported.
Hardness:
Secondary source, no details reported.
Test temperature:
20 °C
pH:
Secondary source, no details reported.
Dissolved oxygen:
Secondary source, no details reported.
Salinity:
Secondary source, no details reported.
Nominal and measured concentrations:
Nominal concentrations only.
Details on test conditions:
Secondary source, no details reported.
Reference substance (positive control):
not specified
Remarks:
Secondary source, not reported.
Duration:
24 h
Dose descriptor:
EC0
Effect conc.:
< 10 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
not specified
Key result
Duration:
24 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
>= 4 000 - <= 6 000 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
not specified
Duration:
24 h
Dose descriptor:
EC100
Effect conc.:
> 5 000 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
not specified
Details on results:
Secondary source, no details reported.
Results with reference substance (positive control):
Not reported, secondary source.
Reported statistics and error estimates:
Secondary source, not reported.
Validity criteria fulfilled:
not specified
Conclusions:
The 24-h EC50 for Daphnia magna is reported to range between 4000 and 6000 mg/L (nominal).
Executive summary:

Results of Broecker et al. (1984) regarding the short-term (24 h) toxicity of thiourea (CAS 62-56-6) to Daphia magna are given in the "BUA Stoffbericht 179":


 


EC0 (24-h) < 10 mg/L


EC50 (24-h) = 4000 - 6000 mg/L


EC100 (24-h) > 5000 mg/L


 


These results are considered in the environmental hazard assessment of thiourea in a weight-of-evidence approach.

Endpoint:
short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Study period:
not reported
Reliability:
4 (not assignable)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
secondary literature
Remarks:
Results on short-term toxicity of thiourea are briefly reported in the study regarding long-term toxicity to daphnia.
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
other: no guideline reported
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Test guideline or methods for the test on short-term toxicity to daphnia magna are not reported.
GLP compliance:
not specified
Analytical monitoring:
not specified
Details on sampling:
No data.
Vehicle:
not specified
Details on test solutions:
No data.
Test organisms (species):
Daphnia magna
Details on test organisms:
No data.
Test type:
static
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
24 h
Post exposure observation period:
No data.
Hardness:
No data.
Test temperature:
No data.
pH:
No data.
Dissolved oxygen:
No data.
Salinity:
No data.
Conductivity:
No data.
Nominal and measured concentrations:
No data.
Details on test conditions:
No data.
Reference substance (positive control):
not specified
Key result
Duration:
24 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
5.6 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
not specified
Duration:
24 h
Dose descriptor:
EC0
Effect conc.:
2 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
not specified
Details on results:
No data.
Results with reference substance (positive control):
No data.
Reported statistics and error estimates:
No data.
Validity criteria fulfilled:
not specified
Conclusions:
The 24-h EC50 of thiourea for daphnia magna is reported to be 5.6 mg/L.
Executive summary:

The 24-h EC50 of thiourea for daphia magna cited in the report of the German Environmental Protection Agency (UBA) is 5.6 mg/L.

Endpoint:
short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Study period:
1974
Reliability:
4 (not assignable)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
documentation insufficient for assessment
Qualifier:
no guideline followed
Principles of method if other than guideline:
At the time of testing no universally used standard methodology for the testing of Daphnia magna was available (as stated in the report). A test duration of 96-h was chosen to assess the short-term toxicity of thiourea to Daphnia magna.

To obtain uniform aged daphnia, adult daphnia were transferred to individual holding containers, and after one week large adults were removed and the young daphnia were cultivated for another two weeks prior to testing.

Subsequently, daphnia were exposed to the test chemicals.
GLP compliance:
not specified
Analytical monitoring:
not specified
Details on sampling:
No data.
Vehicle:
not specified
Details on test solutions:
No data.
Test organisms (species):
Daphnia magna
Details on test organisms:
TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Daphnia magna
- Weight at study initiation: two week old "young" daphnia
- Method of breeding:To obtain uniform aged daphnia, adult daphnia were transferred to individual holding containers, and after one week large adults were removed and the young daphnia were cultuvated for another two weeks prior to testing.
- Feeding during test: no data
Test type:
static
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
96 h
Post exposure observation period:
Not applicable.
Hardness:
No data.
Test temperature:
No data.
pH:
7.0-7.5
Dissolved oxygen:
No data.
Salinity:
Not applicable.
Conductivity:
No data.
Nominal and measured concentrations:
No data.
Details on test conditions:
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 150 ml Griffin beakers; final volume: 100-110 mL
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10-20
- No. of vessels per concentration: No data.
- No. of vessels per control: No data.

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- No data. The same report also describes an acute toxicity experiment with Pimephales promelas. In this experiment local tap water was used (Hackensack Water Company from the New Milford, New Jersey, purification plant). The water was pretreated by passage through a carbon filter (Culligan Cul-Brook) and diffusively aerated by another 48 h to remove residual chlorine. Chlorine content of this water was < 0.01 mg Cl2/L after purification. However, it is not reported whether the experiment with Daphnia magna was conducted in the same laboratory as the fish tests Therfore, the an assumption that the same water was used cannot not be made with sufficient reliability.

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: yes, if pH outside of the range pH 7.0-7.5

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
- Daily recording of adult mortality;
- Births and newborn mortalities were noted but not enumerated.
Reference substance (positive control):
no
Key result
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
LC50
Effect conc.:
1.8 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
mortality
Details on results:
No details reported.
Results with reference substance (positive control):
Not applicable.
Reported statistics and error estimates:
The LC50 value was obtained by plotting observed mortalities after 96 hours of exposure against the logarithm of the test substance concentration.
Validity criteria fulfilled:
not applicable
Conclusions:
The 96-hr LC50 for Daphnia magna is 1.8 mg/L.
Executive summary:

The acute toxicity of thiourea to Daphnia magna was dertemine in study initiated by the National Association of Photographic Manufacturers (NAPM) in 1974. At the time of testing no universally used standard methodology for the testing of Daphnia magna was available (as stated in the report). A test duration of 96-h was choosen to assess the short-term toxicity of thiourea to Daphnia magna. To obtain uniform aged daphnia, adult daphnia were transferred to individual holding containers, and after one week large adults were removed and the young daphnia were cultuvated for another two weeks prior to testing. Subsequently, daphnia were exposed to the test chemicals.The LC50 value was obtained by plotting observed mortalities after 96 hours of exposure against the logarithm of the test substance concentration. The 96-hr LC50 for Daphnia magna under the conditions of this test was 1.8 mg/L.

Endpoint:
short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Study period:
August - September 1991
Reliability:
4 (not assignable)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
documentation insufficient for assessment
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: DIN 38412 Part 11 (modified)
GLP compliance:
not specified
Analytical monitoring:
no
Details on sampling:
No details reported.
Vehicle:
no
Details on test solutions:
No details reported.
Test organisms (species):
Daphnia magna
Test type:
static
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
48 h
Hardness:
No data .
Test temperature:
20 +/- 2 °C
pH:
No data .
Dissolved oxygen:
No data .
Salinity:
Not applicable.
Nominal and measured concentrations:
Nominal only: 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, and 10000 mg/L
Details on test conditions:
TEST SYSTEM
- Type: open
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: glass beakers, 50 mL
- Aeration: no
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration: 2
- No. of vessels per control: 4


TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: artificial freshwater according to DIN 38412 part 11

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: 16:8
- Light intensity: 0,6 kLux

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: immobility
Reference substance (positive control):
not specified
Duration:
24 h
Dose descriptor:
EC0
Effect conc.:
5 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
mobility
Duration:
24 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
> 5 000 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
mobility
Duration:
24 h
Dose descriptor:
EC100
Effect conc.:
> 10 000 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
mobility
Duration:
48 h
Dose descriptor:
EC0
Effect conc.:
1 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
mobility
Key result
Duration:
48 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
35 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
mobility
Duration:
48 h
Dose descriptor:
EC100
Effect conc.:
10 000 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
mobility
Details on results:
No details reported.
Results with reference substance (positive control):
No data.
Reported statistics and error estimates:
No data.
Validity criteria fulfilled:
not specified
Conclusions:
The 48-h EC50 of thiourea for Daphnia magna under the conditions of the test is 35 mg/L.
Executive summary:

The 48–hr-acute toxicity of thiourea to Daphnia magna was studied under static conditions. Daphnids were exposed to the test chemical at nominal concentration of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000 mg/L for 24 anf 48 hours.


 


Immobilization was observed after 24 and 48 h. The 48-h EC50 was 35 mg/L.


 


This study is classified as supplementary and is used in an Weight-of-Evidence approach.

Endpoint:
short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Study period:
1982
Reliability:
4 (not assignable)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
secondary literature
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
other: no guideline reported
Principles of method if other than guideline:
No details on guideline or methods reported.
GLP compliance:
no
Analytical monitoring:
not specified
Details on sampling:
No details reported
Vehicle:
not specified
Details on test solutions:
No details reported
Test organisms (species):
Daphnia magna
Details on test organisms:
No details reported
Test type:
not specified
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
no
Remarks on exposure duration:
not reported
Post exposure observation period:
not applicable
Hardness:
No data.
Test temperature:
No data.
pH:
No data.
Dissolved oxygen:
No data.
Salinity:
Not applicable.
Nominal and measured concentrations:
No data.
Details on test conditions:
No data.
Reference substance (positive control):
not specified
Key result
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
110 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
not specified
Remarks on result:
other: Test duration was not reported.
Details on results:
No details reported.
Results with reference substance (positive control):
No data.
Reported statistics and error estimates:
No data.
Validity criteria fulfilled:
not specified
Conclusions:
The EC50 of thiourea for is 110 mg/L.
Executive summary:

The acute toxicity (EC50) of thiourea to Daphnia is reported to be 110 mg/L.


Duration of the test and effects observed were not reported.

Description of key information

Several non-standard data of low reliability are available that provide information on the acute toxicity of thiourea towards daphnia. Reported EC50 values were determined after 24 to 96 hours and range between 1.8 mg/L and 4000 -6000 mg/L.



Test duration in standard guidelines is 48 hours. Deviations will make comparison with results from other studies difficult even when these studies are of good quality (e.g. Daphnia sp EC50 results are commonly reported at 24 hours compared to the standard 48hours).



As the study conducted by Nusch (1982) is a guideline study with standard test duration, the study will be used in the assessment of short-term effects of thiourea. As data on the long-term toxicity of thiourea to invertebrates are available that can be used for classification & labelling as well as for the hazard assessment, the risk assessment is based on the long-term toxicity data where appropriate.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect concentration:
35 mg/L

Additional information

Several non-standard data of low reliability are available that provide information on the acute toxicity of thiourea towards daphnia. The test duration is considered critical information in deciding reliability of a study and must be reported. These do vary by study and range between 24 and 96 hours:


 


Brocker et al. (1984; cited in the BUA Stoffbericht 179) and Friesel et al. (1984) use a total test duration of 24-h and report EC50 values of 4000 -6000 mg/L and 5.6 mg/L, respectively. Schmidt-Bleek et al. (1982), who do not report the exposure duration, found an EC50 of 110 mg thiourea /L.


 


Only one study (Nusch 1982) is available that reports effects after 48h, that were determined according to Gerrman national standard (DIN 38412 part 11). The EC50 (48 -h) under the conditions of this study is 35 mg/L.


 


The 96-h EC50 reported by NAPM (1974) is 1.8 mg/L.


 


Test duration in standard guidelines is 48 hours. Deviations will make comparison with results from other studies difficult even when these studies are of good quality (e.g. Daphnia sp. EC50 results are commonly reported at 24 hours compared to the standard 48hours). As the study conducted by Nusch (1982) is a guideline study with standard test duration, the study will be used in the assessment of short-term effects of thiourea.


 


As data on the long-term toxicity of thiourea to invertebrates is available that can be used for classification & labelling as well as for the hazard assessment, where appropriate.