Alcohols, C9-11-branched and linear

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

from April 9 to April 13 1991

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: The study was conducted according to an appropriate national standard method but full details are not available. It was compliant with GLP, but no analytical monitoring was carried out.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: guideline issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Burnham-on-Crouch, UK

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

Test animals were slightly smaller than the range quoted in the protocol (4-6 cm) due to seasonal availability but this was not considered to have had a significant effect on the results of the test.

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Vehicle:

yes

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)

- Method: Preliminary solution in Tween 80-acetone dispersion aided by shielded propeller-stirrers.

- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): 1% Tween 80-acetone

- Concentration of vehicle in test medium (stock solution and final test solution): not reported

Test organisms (species):

Crangon crangon

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM

- Source: P. Garnett, King's Lynn, Norfolk

- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 1.46 g average

- Method of breeding:

- Feeding during test : not reported


ACCLIMATION

- Acclimation period: Acclimatised 6 days prior to test

- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): same

- Type and amount of food: not reported

- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): 2% mortality in 4 days prior to study

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

saltwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Hardness:

not reported

Test temperature:

14 +/- 1C

pH:

>= 7.9 mg/l

Dissolved oxygen:

not reported

Salinity:

32%o S

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal concentrations: 1, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6 and 10 mg/l

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM

- Test vessel: glass aquaria

- Type (delete if not applicable): open / closed

- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: glass aquaria holding 20L of test medium

- Aeration: At least 12 hours prior to use by propeller-stirrer

- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): daily

- No. of organisms per vessel: 20

- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 1

- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): 1


TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS

- Source/preparation of dilution water: Synthetic sea water (Synthetica) at 32% S

- Culture medium different from test medium: not reported

- Intervals of water quality measurement: not reported

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS

- Adjustment of pH: not reported

- Photoperiod: 16 h light : 8 h dark 

- Light intensity: not reported


EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : mortality every 24 h


TEST CONCENTRATIONS

- Spacing factor for test concentrations: not reported

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

4.6 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: (4.1-5.1)

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: (4.6 - 5.5)

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

5.6 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: (5.1-6.1)

Details on results:

- Mortality of control: 0.5%

Reported statistics and error estimates:

The data were analysed by the methods described in the Statistics Unit Operating Procedure P3. No adjustment was made for control mortality.

Table 1. Summary of findings.

Concentration (mg/L)	Cumulative mortality (initial population 20)
	48 h	72 h	96 h
Control	1	1	1
Solvent control	0	0	1
1.0	0	0	1
1.8	2	4	6
3.2	2	4	4
5.6	7	9	9
10	20	20	20

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

A reliable 96 h LC50 value of 4.6 mg/L has been determined for the effects of Dobanol 91 on the mortality of the saltwater invertebrate Crangon crangon.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

1983

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: The study was conducted according to an appropriate OECD test guideline but full details are not available. It was not compliant with GLP and no analytical monitoring was carried out.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: OECD 1981 and EEC, 1979a

Deviations:

not specified

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

no analytical mornitoring was carried out

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION

- Method: 100 ml of test medium was added to a series of 150 ml glass crystallising dishes. 

- Controls: dilution water

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM

- Source: in house culture, started in June 1982, with animals obtained from the ICI Brixham Laboratory, UK

- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): <24 h

- Method of breeding: culture method described in Shell Standard Operating Procedure no. 36 (2nd edition).

- Feeding during test: not reported


ACCLIMATION

- Acclimation period: animals bred at laboratory

- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): Animals were held at 20 degC in neakers of culture medium, medium was changed weekly.

- Type and amount of food: algal cells (Chlorella vulgaris: 10^6 cells/ml) and active dried yeast (5 mg/L).

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Hardness:

180 mg/L as CaCO3

Test temperature:

20 deg C +/- 2 degC

pH:

range: 7.9-8.4

Dissolved oxygen:

range: 9.0-9.4 mg/L

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Not reported

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM

- Test vessel: beakers

- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 100 ml of test medium was added to 150 ml glass crystallising dished.

- Aeration:

- No. of organisms per vessel: 10

- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3

- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 3


TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS

- Source/preparation of dilution water: reconstituteed fresh water (US EPA, 1975)

- Culture medium different from test medium: no

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS

- Adjustment of pH: not reported

- Photoperiod: not reported

- Light intensity: not reported


EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : immobility at 24 h and 48 h


TEST CONCENTRATIONS

- Spacing factor for test concentrations: not reported

- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline: not given

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

7 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Reported statistics and error estimates:

24 h and 48 h EC50 values were calculated using probit analysis after log-transformation of the concentrations (Finney, 1971).

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

A reliable 48 h EC50 value of 7 mg/L has been determined for the effects of DOBANOL 91 on the immobility of the freshwater invertebrate Daphnia magna.

Description of key information

96-hour LC₅₀ 4.6 mg/L (nominal) using a guideline issued by Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Burnham-on-Crouch, UK (Crangon crangon, marine) (Huntingdon Life Sciences, 1991); read-across from Alcohols C9-11 (CAS 66455-17-2)

48-hour EC50 7 mg/L (nominal) in a test guideline equivalent to OECD TG 202 (Daphnia magna, freshwater) (Shell, 1983), read-across from Alcohols C9-11 (CAS 66455-17-2)

.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

7 mg/L

Marine water invertebrates

Marine water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

4.6 mg/L

Additional information

No short-term aquatic toxicity whole substance data are available with Alcohols C9-11 branched and linear (CAS 85711-26-8).

Data are also available with the closely related substance Alcohols C9-11 (CAS 66455-17-2).

C9-11:

A reliable 48-hour LC₅₀ value of 5.6 mg/l and a 96-hour LC₅₀ value of 4.6 mg/L have been determined for the effects of Alcohols, C9-11 (CAS 66455-17-2) on the mortality of the marine invertebrate Crangon crangon. This study has been selected as key as it is the only reliable value available for short-term toxicity to aquatic marine invertebrates.

A reliable 48-hour EC₅₀ value of 7 mg/L has been determined for the effects of Alcohols, C9-11 (CAS 66455-17-2) on the immobility of the freshwater invertebrate Daphnia magna.

This study has been selected as key.

The presence of branched structures does not appear to confer aliphatic alcohols any different environmental properties compared to the linears only substance, therefore the data is freely read-across between Alcohols C9-11 branched and linear and Alcohols C9-11 linear only substances. The difference in toxicity observed in the studies with Daphnia magna is likely due to the compositional differences, whereby Alcohols C9-11 (odd numbered), branched and linear is understood to have a higher concentration of C11 constituent, which is more toxic.

Data are also available for each constituent of Alcohols C9-11. The relevant values are:

 

C9:

A reliable value for short-term toxicity to invertebrates is available. A 96-hour LC₅₀ value of 25 mg/l has been determined for the effects of the test substance on the mortality of the brackish water invertebrate Nitocra spinipes, based on nominal concentrations (Bengtsson et al., 1984). This represents the only reliable measured value available for this endpoint and has been chosen as key.

C10:

Several values for short-term toxicity to invertebrates are available in literature and consistently indicate an LC₅₀ in the range 1 -10 mg/l in freshwater and brackish/marine species. The result of highest reliability is a 96 h LC₅₀ value of 3.1 mg/L for the effects of decanol on the mortality of the brackish copepod Nitocra spinipes. This is the lowest reliable value available for this endpoint and has been selected as key.

 

These results are supported by consistent literature values in several freshwater invertebrate species and are also consistent with QSAR predictions.

 

Freshwater species:

48 h EC₅₀ (Daphnia magna) = 6.5 mg/L [EG&G Bionomics, 1976]

24-h EC₅₀ (Daphnia magna) = 11 mg/L [Bringmann and Kuhn, 1982]

48-h EC₅₀ (Daphnia magna) = 2.9 mg/L [Henkel, 1999b]

 

Marine and brackish species:

48-h LC₅₀ (Americamysis bahia) 5.6 mg/l [Patoczka et al., 1990]

96-h LC₅₀ (Nitocra spinipes) = 3.1 mg/l [Linden et al., 1979, Bengtsson, Renberg and Tarkpea, 1984] (Key data)

 

48-h EC₅₀ (Daphnia) = 2.1 [Fisk, 2005]; 2.4 mg/l [Fisk, 2015] (QSAR based on category trend)

C11:

Reliable values for short-term toxicity to invertebrates are available. A 96-hour LC₅₀ value of 0.8 mg/l has been determined for the effect of the test substance on the mortality of the brackish water invertebrate Nitocra spinipes. (Bengtsson et al., 1984). This represents the only reliable measured value available for this endpoint and has been chosen as key.

A reliable estimated EC₅₀ value of 1.8 mg/l has also been determined (Schafers et al., 2009).

Discussion of trends in the Category of C6-24 linear and essentially-linear aliphatic alcohols:

Linear LCAAs

The data presented in the table below show the toxicity of the linear LCAAs to increase from an EC₅₀ of 200 mg/l for C6 to 0.77 mg/l for C12. Effects have also been observed in tests with C13 and C14 LCAAs but at concentrations that exceeded the solubility of the alcohols. Although not explicitly identified in the test reports, physical effects (rather than true toxicity) cannot therefore be excluded from the interpretation of the results for these two LCAAs. In the Unilever (1994) study with C14 the authors have recorded that the test substance adhered to the daphnids at concentrations higher than the water solubility of 1-tetradecanol. This indicates that physical fouling is likely to have caused the effects seen at the EC₅₀ value of 4 mg/l.  

The lowest reliable short-term EC/LC₅₀ values for invertebrates exposed to linear LCAAs are presented in the following table.

Table: Key studies for invertebrate short-term toxicity studies on single carbon chain length linear LCAAs.

CAS #	Chemical name	Comment	Water solubility (mg/L)	Species	Method/ Guideline	Exposure regime	Endpoint	Value (mg/L)^1	Reliability code	Reference
111-27-3	1-Hexanol		5900 at 20°C	Daphnia magna	Not specified	Static	24 h EC50	200 (n)	2	Bringmann and Kuhn, 1982
111-70-6	1-Heptanol	SUPPORTING	1300 at 20°C	D. magna	Not specified	Static	24 h EC50	82 (n)	2	Bringmann and Kuhn, 1982
111-87-5	1-Octanol		550 at 25°C	D. magna	Not specified	Static	24 h EC50	20 (n)	2	Bringmann and Kuhn, 1982
143-08-8	1-Nonanol		130 at 20°C	Nitocra spinipes (brackish)	Not specified	Static	96 h EC50	25 (n)	2	Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984
112-30-1	1-Decanol		40 mg/L at 20°C	N. spinipes (brackish)	Not specified	Static	96 h EC50	3.1 (n)	2	Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984
68516-18-7	Decene, hydroformylation products	Supporting.hydroformylation product (=C11)	No data	D. magna	EPA 1975	Static	48 h LC50	4.2 (n)	2	Burgess and Forbis, 1983b
112-42-5	1-Undecanol		8.0 at 20°C	N.spinipes (brackish)	Not specified	Static	96 h LC50	0.8-1.1 (n)	2	Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984
112-53-8	1-Dodecanol		1.9 at 20°C	D. magna	DIN 38412	Static	48 h EC50	0.77 (n)	2	Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1997
112-72-1	1-Tetradecanol		0.19 at 25°C	D. magna	Not specified	Not specified	48 h EC50	3.2 (>LoS)	2	Unilever, 2010

Notes:

¹>LoS: LC₅₀ observed was greater than the limit of solubility (n) based on nominal concentrations, (m) based on measured concentrations.

SUPPORTING denotes that the substance is not for registration but the data are used to support the category

Multi-constituents LCAAs

The data presented in the table below show the multi-constituent substances containing LCAAs with carbon numbers in the ranges of C7-9 to C12-15 to exert short-term toxicity at concentrations of between 0.23 and 30 mg/L. At these concentrations it is likely that all constituents will have been fully dissolved. The short-term EC₅₀ of the C14-15 LCAAs to aquatic invertebrate was determined to be above the limit of solubility of the substance.

For the C12-14 and C12-18 multi-constituent substances there was evidence of toxic effects in tests conducted on test media prepared as water-accommodated fractions at loading rates that exceeded the solubility of some constituents. For the C16-18 substance there was evidence of effects in test media that could have contained undissolved test material. The possibility of physical effects (rather than true toxicity) contributing to the observed effects were not discussed in the test report but cannot be excluded.

 

The lowest reliable short-term EC/LC₅₀ values for invertebrates exposed to multi-constituent LCAAs are presented in the following table.

Table: Invertebrate short-term toxicity studies on mixed carbon chain length (multi-constituent) LCAAs (species are freshwater unless noted otherwise).

CAS #	Chemical name	Comment	Water solubility (mg/L)	Species	Method/ Guideline^2	Exposure regime	Endpoint	Value (mg/L)^3	Reliability code	Reference
	Alcohols, C7-9	SUPPORTING	510 mg/L at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L (estimated)	Daphnia magna	OECD 202	Semi-static	48 h EC50	5.9	1	Fraunhofer Institute, 2005e
Mixture of 68527-05-9 and 70955-11-2-	Mixture of hexane and octene hydroformylation products	i.e. alcohols, C7-9 SUPPORTING	No data	D. magna	EPA 1975	Static	48 h LC50	30 (n)	2	Burgess and Forbis, 1983c
68515-81-1	Nonanol, branched and linear	Read-across from C9	121 (estimated)	Nitocra spinipes (brackish)	Not specified	Static	96 h EC50	25 (n)	2	Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984
66455-17-2	Alcohols, C9-11	SUPPORTING	44 at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L. (estimated)	D. magna	Not specified	Static	48 h EC50	7 (n)	2	Shell Research Limited, 1983
66455-17-2	Alcohols, C9-11	SUPPORTING	44 at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L. (estimated)	Crangon crangon (marine)	UK MAFF	Semi-static	96 h LC50	4.6 (n)	2	Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. 1991a.
87511-26-8	Alcohols, C9-11 (odd numbered), branched and linear		26.04 at 20°C	Daphnia magna		Semi-static	48 h LD50	0.39 (m)	1	Hydrotox, 2017
Mixture of 68516-18-7, 68527-05-9 and 70955-11-2-	Mixture of octane and decene hydroformylation products	SUPPORTING	No data	D. magna	EPA 1975	Static	48 h LC50	11 (n)	2	Burgess and Forbis, 1983d
90342-32-8	Decanol, branched and linear	Read-across from C10	26.17 at 20°C	N. spinipes (brackish)	Not specified	Static	96 h EC50	3.1 (n)	2	Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984
128973-77-3	Undecanol, branched and linear   Reaction mass of 2-methyldecan-1-ol and 2-propyloctan-1-ol and 2-ethylnonan-1-ol and 2-butylheptan-1-ol	Read-across from C11	6.3 at 25°C	N. spinipes (brackish)	Not specified	Static	96 h LC50	0.8-1.1 (n)	2	Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984
740817-83-8	Alcohols, C12-13-branched and linear		2.4 at 25^oC	D. magna	OECD 202 WAF	Static	48 h EL50	0.23(n)	1	Shell, 2000a
75782-87-5	Alcohols, C12-13		2.4 at 25^oC	C. crangon (marine)	UK MAFF	Semi-static	96 h LC50	>10 (n) (>LoS)	2	Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. 1991b.
740817-83-8	Alcohols, C12-13-branched and linear		2.9-3.1 at 20°C	D. magna	OECD 202 WAF	Static	48 h EL50	2.8 (n)	1	TNO, 2000b
80206-82-2	Alcohols, C 12-14	Type A SUPPORTING	4.6 predicted at 1000 mg/L loading rate	D. magna	EU 92/69/EWG WAF	Static	48 h EL50	63 (n) (>LoS)	1	Henkel, 1998b
90604-40-3	Alcohols, C12-15-branched and linear		0.80 at 20°C	D. magna	OECD 202 WAF	Static	48 h EL50	<1.0 (n)	1	Shell, 2001a
67762-25-8	Alcohols, C 12-18	Type A SUPPORTING	1.7 predicted at 100 mg/L loading rate	D. magna	EU 92/69/EWG	Static	48 h EL50	40 (n) (>LoS)	1	Henkel, 1998a
68002-94-8	Alcohols, C 16-18 and 18 Unsaturated	SUPPORTING	0.044 predicted at 1000 mg/L loading rate	D. magna	EU Guideline 92/69/EWG	Static	48 h EC50	70 (n) (>LoS)	2	Henkel KGaA. 1995.

Notes:

¹Compositional Types are described in section 1.5 of the ecotoxicity category report.

²WAF denotes test medium was a water-accommodated fraction

³>LoS: EC₅₀ observed was greater than the limit of solubility of at least some constituents of the substance. (n) based on nominal concentrations, (m) based on measured concentrations.

SUPPORTING denotes that the substance is not for registration but the data are used to support the category

n/a denotes not applicable

The data for nonanol, branched and linear, decanol branched and linear, decanol branched and undecanol branched and reaction mass of 2-methyldecan-1-ol and 2-propyloctan-1-ol and 2-ethylnonan-1-ol and 2-butylheptan-1-ol alcohols have been read-across from their linear LCAAs counterparts (C9, C10 and C11) since they are essentially linear LCAAs.

The measured data do not permit a definite toxicity cut-off to be identified for the single carbon number LCAAs or the multi-constituent substances. This is because the potential for physical effects to contribute to the results obtained for the C13 and 14 single carbon number alcohols, and the multi-constituent substances containing constituents with carbon numbers that are all >C12, cannot be excluded. However, it is reasonable to conclude from the data that are presented that it is unlikely that linear LCAAs with carbon numbers >C13 and multi-constituent LCAAs with carbon numbers all >C13 would be toxic.

 

References

 

Bengtsson, B., Renberg, L., and Tarkpea, M. (1984). Molecular structure and aquatic toxicity-An example with C1-C13 aliphatic alcohols. Chemosphere 13(5/6):613-622.

 

Bringmann, V. and Kuhn, R.1982. Results of toxic action of water pollutants on Daphnia magna Straus tested by an improved standardized procedure. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 15(1):1-6.

 

Burgess, D. and Forbis, A.D. 1983b. Acute toxicity of oxo alcohol 1100 to Daphnia magna. Static acute bioassay report 30851.

 

Burgess, D. and Forbis, A.D. 1983d. Acute toxicity of oxo alcohol 7911 to Daphnia magna. Static acute bioassay report 30848.

 

Burgess, D. and Forbis, A.D. 1983c. Acute toxicity of oxo alcohol 7900 to Daphnia magna. Static acute bioassay report 30845.

 

Fraunhofer Institute, 2005a, Daphnia, acute immobilization, Linevol 79. Study SDA-04/4-20, Fraunhofer Institute.

 

Henkel, 1998a. Henkel Report No. R9800103.

 

Henkel,1998b. Henkel KGaA Report No. R9800104.

 

Henkel KGaA., 1995. Report No. 9400262. May 1995.

 

Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd.(HLS).1991a. Report No. SLL 207(a)/91714.

 

Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd.(HLS).1991b. Report No. SLL 207(b)/91602.

 

Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 1997. Examination of 1-Dodecanol in an acute immobilization test in Daphnia magna. LPT Report No. 10762/97.

 

Shell, 2000a. Shell. RTS Report No. CT.00.47050.

 

Shell, 2001a. Shell. RTS Report No. OG.01.49011.

 

Shell Research Limited, 1983. Toxicity tests with Daphnia magna: Acute toxicity of eight test materials to a newly-introduced strain of D. magna in reconstituted fresh water. Shell Research Limited, Sittingbourne Research Centre. SBGR.83.100.

 

TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute. 2000b. Static acute toxicity test with compound 33A abd the crustacean species Daphnia magna. TNO report V98.1320.

 

Unilever, 1995. Acute toxicity of 1-tetradecanol to Daphnia magna. Unilever. Study AT/ALC/BK4.