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EC number: 915-093-1 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Bioaccumulation: terrestrial
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Well documented, scientifically sound study that provided a sufficient amount of information on materials and methods to adequately evaluate results. No data on the behavior of tungsten trioxide in the environment are available. Concentration data for tungsten metal are appropriate for read-across for this endpoint as the soluble species released are expected to be similar for each of the compounds, and are thus expected to behave similarly in the environment. For more details refer to the attached description of the read across approach.
- Justification for type of information:
- 1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE CATEGORY APPROACH: The hypothesis is that properties are likely to be similar or follow a similar pattern because of the presence of a common metal ion, in this case tungstate.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES):
Source: Tungsten metal
Target: Fused tungsten carbide
3. CATEGORY APPROACH JUSTIFICATION: See Annex 3 in CSR
4. DATA MATRIX: See Annex 3 in CSR - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The study examined the uptake and bioavailability of tungsten in sunflower leaves, stems, and roots.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
no data - Radiolabelling:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- no data
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- - Method of mixing into soil (if used): Grenada-Loring soil was spiked with 6500 mg/kg of metallic tungsten powder, tumble-mixed overnight, and then aged for approximately six months to oxidize the metallic tungsten.
- The spiked soil was diluted with clean field soil to generate six log-spaced doses ranging from 0 to 6500 mg W/kg soil and were amended with 0.2 L perlite/kg soil and hydrated to field capacity (0.295 L/kg soil). - Test organisms (species):
- other: Helianthus annuus
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Sunflower - Total exposure / uptake duration:
- 14 d
- Test temperature:
- 24+/- 2.0 ⁰C
- pH:
- no data
- TOC:
- no data
- Moisture:
- no data
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (type, material, size): set-up in 3.8 cm x 14 cm Cone-Tainers tubes; a 6 cm x 6 cm square fiberglass mesh screen was placed into the bottom of the tube.
- Amount of soil: The tube was filled with soil to within 2 cm of the top (approximately 80 g).
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): four seeds per tube
- No. of replicates per treatment group: Five replicates per treatment
- No. of replicates per control: Not specified
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Geographic location: The silty loam Grenada-Loring field soil (Alfisol order) was collected from the Brown Loam Experiemental Station (Learned, MS).
- Sampling depth (cm): 12 cm
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 14:10 hour light:dark
- Plants were given 6 mL of water per day - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Grenada-Loring soil was spiked with 6500 mg/kg metallic tungsten powder.
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 0.05
- Basis:
- other: sunflower leaves
- Remarks on result:
- other: Tungsten bioaccumulation in leaves appeared to plateau at approximately 138 mg/kg W in the 3900 mg/kg soil.
- Kinetic parameters:
- n/a
- Metabolites:
- No data
- Details on results:
- - Tungsten bioaccumulation was only analyzed in plants grown at ≤3900 mg/kg, despite additional time to grow, because insufficient biomass was produced due to tungsten’s effects on sunflower growth at higher concentrations. Sunflower leaves showed a significant dose-dependent increase in tungsten bioaccumulation at all soil tungsten concentrations. Tungsten bioaccumulation in leaves appeared to plateau at approximately 138 mg/kg W in the 3900 mg/kg soil. Sunflower roots showed a significant dose dependent increase in tungsten bioaccumulation at ≥1300 mg/kg. Tungsten bioaccumulation in roots did not plateau at the concentrations studied, and at 3900 mg/kg W soil, average tungsten concentrations in roots were 6455 mg/kg, over 46 times greater than leaf concentrations. When the data were expressed as biota–soil bioaccumulation factors (BSAF), sunflower leaves had significantly lower BSAF values (0.05) at ≥1300 mg/kg, whereas BSAF in sunflower roots, ranging from 1.6 to 2, did not differ from controls.
- Tungsten was identified in the plant tissues as either tungstate, polytungstate, or an unknown tungsten species. Each sunflower tissue displayed a differential pattern of tungsten species bioaccumulation at each tungsten soil concentration.
- In leaves, polytungstate and an unknown tungsten species increased in a dose-dependent manner, but tungstate peaked at 1,300 mg W/kg soil and declined at higher tungsten soil concentrations.
- In stems, all three tungsten species followed the same trend, with all three peaking in tissue concentrations at 2,600 mg W/kg soil, with tungstate and unknown tungsten species being the most abundant. At higher concentrations, all three species decreased in stem tissue.
- All three tungsten species had dramatically higher concentrations in sunflower roots than in leaves or stems; all three species increased in a dose-dependent manner, plateauing in the 2,600 mg W/kg soil. Tungstate was the most abundant species in sunflower roots, followed by unknown tungsten species and polytungstate. - Reported statistics:
- Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Data were analyzed for normality and equal variance, using the Shapiro–Wilks test and the Levene’s test, respectively. Data that failed either test were transformed to normalized ranks (rankits) (Conover and Imam 1981). Comparisons with controls on either the raw data or rankits, as appropriate, were conducted with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test (SAS, Cary, NC).
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of this study, tungsten was bioaccumulated in both sunflower roots and leaves in a dose-dependent manner, with roots having a bioaccumulation factor of approximately two-fold from soil to plant tissue. Sunflowers showed differential bioaccumulation of tungsten species in leaves, stems and roots, based on tungsten soil concentrations.
- Executive summary:
No terrestrial bioaccumulation data of sufficient quality are available for fused tungsten carbide (target substance). However, terrestrial bioaccumulation data are available for tungsten metal (source substance), which will be used for read-across. Due to similar water solubility and toxicity for the target substance compared to the source substance, the resulting read-across from the source substance to the target substance is appropriate. In addition, read-across is appropriate because the classification and labelling is similar for the source substance than the target substance, the PBT/vPvB profile is the same, and the dose descriptors are, or are expected to be, lower for the source substance. For more details, refer to the read-across category approach included in the Category section of this IUCLID submission and/or as an Annex in the CSR.
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Accumulation data in earthworms were obtained after use in a toxicity study conducted according to modified ISO 11268-1 (Effects of Pollutants on Earthworms. 1. Determination of Acute Toxicity Using Artificial Soil Substrate), with sufficient information presented on materials and methods to adequately evaluate bioaccumulation results. Insufficient information was available on the levels of background tungsten, other metals, and environmental contaminants in the soil tested.
- Justification for type of information:
- 1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE CATEGORY APPROACH: The hypothesis is that properties are likely to be similar or follow a similar pattern because of the presence of a common metal ion, in this case tungstate.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES):
Source: Tungsten metal
Target: Fused tungsten carbide
3. CATEGORY APPROACH JUSTIFICATION: See Annex 3 in CSR
4. DATA MATRIX: See Annex 3 in CSR - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Accumulation data in earthworms were obtained after use in a toxicity study conducted according to modified ISO 11268-1 (Effects of Pollutants on Earthworms. 1. Determination of Acute Toxicity Using Artificial Soil Substrate).
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- - Sampling intervals/frequency for test organisms: After the 80 day exposure period, the surviving worms were collected.and placed in jars containing wet filter paper and no soil.
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: worms were placed in jars containing wet filter paper and no soil for 2 days.
- Details on sampling and analysis of test organisms and test media samples (e.g. sample preparation, analytical methods): Worms were frozen in liquid nitrogen, acid digested, and tungsten concentration measured by ICP. - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- - Method of mixing into soil (if used): mixed manually with tungsten powder
- Controls: Non-treated highway soil - Test organisms (species):
- Eisenia fetida
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Earthworm
- Source: Worm Farm Inc, Monroe Twp, NJ
- Age at test initiation (mean and range, SD): Not specified
- Weight at test initiation (mean and range, SD): Not specified - Total exposure / uptake duration:
- 80 d
- Total depuration duration:
- 2 d
- Test temperature:
- Room temperature
- pH:
- Varied with tungsten concentration, 4.80-7.25.
- TOC:
- - Organic carbon (%): 2 %
- Moisture:
- Not specified; DI water added daily.
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): glass jar, covered with filter paper
- Amount of soil or substrate: 750 g
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 10
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 3 or 4
- No. of replicates per control: 3 or 4
- One set of replicates ammended with 10,000 mg/kg CaCO3 in addition to the toxicant to
buffer pH change.
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Geographic location: Highway soil (Exit 40, Hwy 78, The Plainfields, NJ)
- Pesticide use history at the collection site: Not specified
- Sampling depth (cm): 1-5 cm
- Organic carbon (%): 2 %
- Pretreatment of soil: Homogenized, plant roots and large particles removed, sieved through a
1 mm sieve.
- Storage (condition, duration): 4degree C until use- more than 1 year.
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal-Control, 10, 100 and 10,000 mg/kg tungsten.
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- >= 0.03 - <= 0.35 dimensionless
- Basis:
- whole body d.w.
- Time of plateau:
- 14 d
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks:
- For soil concentrations of 10 and 1000 mg W/Kg soil
- Kinetic parameters:
- No data
- Metabolites:
- No data
- Details on results:
- Test with non-aged soil
- Mortality of test organisms: All worms in the 10 and 100 mg W/kg soil levels survived for 80 days. All worms in the 10,000 mg/kg soil died after 80 days.
- Other biological observations: All worms in all concentrations survived after 80 days in the soils amended with 10,000 mg/kg CaCO3. The pH of the soil decreased over time from its initial value of 5.6 in all soils without a CaCO3 supplement. The largest drop observed for the highest W concentration where a final soil pH of 4.80 was measured. However, for the replicates containing the same W concentration and supplemented with CaCO3, the pH after 80 days was 7.25.
- Mortality and/or behavioural abnormalities of control: all worms in the control group survived.
- Worms took up and accumulated tungsten in their tissue. Dry weight tissue concentrations were 1.52, 3.24, and 193.2 mg/kg tungsten
for the 10, 100, and 10,000 mg W/kg soil concentrations, respectively.
Test with aged soil
-The results of the second test are consistent with the results of the first test where all worms survived the 14-days exposure to soils amended with 10-1000 mg W/kg soil and all of them died at the 10,000 mg W/kg soil level.
- Tissue concentrations of 3.45 to 25.9 mg tungsten/kg dry weight were observed for tungsten soil concentrations ranging from 10 to 1000 mg/kg, respectively. - Conclusions:
- Worms took up and accumulated tungsten in their tissue. Dry weight tissue concentrations were 1.52, 3.24, and 193.2 mg/kg tungsten
for the 10, 100, and 10,000 mg W/kg soil concentrations, respectively, in the test with unaged soils. In the test with tungsten-aged soil, tissue concentrations of 3.45 to 25.9 mg tungsten/kg dry weight were observed for tungsten soil concentrations ranging from 10 to 1000 mg/kg, respectively. - Executive summary:
No terrestrial bioaccumulation data of sufficient quality are available for fused tungsten carbide (target substance). However, terrestrial bioaccumulation data are available for tungsten metal (source substance), which will be used for read-across. Due to similar water solubility and toxicity for the target substance compared to the source substance, the resulting read-across from the source substance to the target substance is appropriate. In addition, read-across is appropriate because the classification and labelling is similar for the source substance than the target substance, the PBT/vPvB profile is the same, and the dose descriptors are, or are expected to be, lower for the source substance. For more details, refer to the read-across category approach included in the Category section of this IUCLID submission and/or as an Annex in the CSR.
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation: terrestrial
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Well documented study, with accumulation results obtained during toxicity testing.
- Justification for type of information:
- 1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE CATEGORY APPROACH: The hypothesis is that properties are likely to be similar or follow a similar pattern because of the presence of a common metal ion, in this case tungstate.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES):
Source: Tungsten metal
Target: Fused tungsten carbide
3. CATEGORY APPROACH JUSTIFICATION: See Annex 3 in CSR
4. DATA MATRIX: See Annex 3 in CSR - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Accumulation of tungsten in plant tissues obtained during toxicity testing.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- -Leaves were harvested several times over the 9 month vegetation period
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- - Method of mixing into soil (if used): Manually mixed with powder in different proportions to acheive metal concentrations ranging from 0.0001% to 10% on a mass basis.
- Controls: Non-amended urban soil - Test organisms (species):
- other: Ryegrass
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Ryegrass
- Plant family: Poaceae
- Source of seed: Ward's Biology (Rochester, NY) - Total exposure / uptake duration:
- ca. 36 wk
- Test temperature:
- 20 ⁰C or room temperature (not specified)
- pH:
- No data
- TOC:
- urban: 5.3%
- Moisture:
- 35%
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (type, material, size): Plastic jars
- Amount of soil: 100-200 g (held constant within each experiment)
- No. of seeds per container: 5
- No. of replicates per treatment group: three
- No. of replicates per control: Not specified
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Geographic location: urban soil (Stevens Institute of Technology campus, Hoboken, NJ, USA)
- Pesticide use history at the collection site: Not specified
- Sampling depth (cm): 1-5 cm
- Pretreatment of soil: Homogenized, large particles and plant roots removed, sieved through a 1 mm sieve.
- Storage (condition, duration): Stored at 4 ⁰C until use.
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 12/12 or natural light (held constant within each experiment)
- Light source: no data
- Light intensity and quality: no data
- Day/night temperatures: no data
- Watering regime and schedules: daily
- Water source/type: DI water
- Volume applied: 15 g/ day
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable): Growth and tungsten concentration in plant tissue.
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: no
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 10x - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 0.1-10000 mg W/kg soil
- Key result
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- >= 0.2 - <= 56.7 dimensionless
- Basis:
- other: whole plant
- Time of plateau:
- 12 wk
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Kinetic parameters:
- No data
- Metabolites:
- No data
- Details on results:
- -Mean concentrations of W in ryegrass leaves (mg/kg) after 9 months were 5.67, 9.13, 10.5, 42.2, 201.7, and 13,535* corresponding to W concentrations in soil (mg/kg) of 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000; respectively. The 13,535 mg/kg level was obtained after only two months due to die off after this time point at this exposure level.
-The W uptake for the highest W concentration in soil was 13500 mg/kg (standard deviation 6100 mg/kg). These plants died off after 2 months of
incubation.
-Most significant uptake of tungsten by plants occurs at concentrations greater than 1000 mg/kg. - Conclusions:
- Mean concentrations of W in ryegrass leaves (mg/kg) were 5.67, 9.13, 10.5, 42.2, 201.7, and 13,535 corresponding to W concentrations in soil (mg/kg) of 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000; respectively. Ryegrass takes up signiifcant amounts of tungsten from the soil over a 9 month period at high soil W concentrations.
- Executive summary:
No terrestrial bioaccumulation data of sufficient quality are available for fused tungsten carbide (target substance). However, terrestrial bioaccumulation data are available for tungsten metal (source substance), which will be used for read-across. Due to similar water solubility and toxicity for the target substance compared to the source substance, the resulting read-across from the source substance to the target substance is appropriate. In addition, read-across is appropriate because the classification and labelling is similar for the source substance than the target substance, the PBT/vPvB profile is the same, and the dose descriptors are, or are expected to be, lower for the source substance. For more details, refer to the read-across category approach included in the Category section of this IUCLID submission and/or as an Annex in the CSR.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
No data on the behavior of fused tungsten carbide in the environment are available. Bioconcentration data for tungsten metal and sodium tungstate are presented in this section. The soluble species released are expected to be similar for each of the compounds, and are thus expected to behave similarly in the environment. However, the amount of soluble species resulting from tungsten metal and sodium tungstate is different, with sodium tungstate being much more soluble. Therefore, data for sodium tungstate and tungsten metal are expected to adequately capture the range of bioavailability of fused tungsten carbide in the environment. For more details, refer to the attached read-across document (see Annex 3).
Relatively low bioaccumulation of tungsten is observed in sunflower leaves at soil concentrations of 3900 mg W/kg soil, with calculated concentration factors plateauing at approximately 0.05 (Johnson et al, 2009). Tungsten concentrations factors calculated for ryegrass were higher and ranged from 56.1 - 0.202 (Strigul et al, 2005). However, it should be noted that, in this study, background levels of tungsten in the collected soils used for testing were not determined prior to testing. Tungsten concentrations measured in earthworm tissue ranged from 1.52 - 193.2 mg/kg wet weight in soils with tungsten concentrations of 10 - 10000 mg/kg soil, respectively (non-aged soil) (Strigul et al, 2005). Additionally, tungsten concentrations of 10 and 10000 mg/kg soil yielded earthworm tissue concentrations of 3.45 and 25.9 mg/kg wet weight, respectively (Strigul et al, 2005). Using these paired concentration data, the BCFs for earthworms in non-aged soils ranged 0.152 - 0.019 and BCFs for aged soils ranged from 0.345 - 0.00259. Tungsten concentrations measured in earthworm tissue in another study with soil spiked with sodium tungstate (Inouye et al, 2006) ranged from 2.9 - 41.3 mg/kg wet weight in soils with tungsten concentrations of <2 - 4643 mg/kg soil, respectively. These data would indicate concentration factors ranging from 1.45 - 0.008, respectively, with only the lowest tungsten concentration resulting in a BCF of > 1. Therefore, tungsten compounds such as fused tungsten carbide are not expected to bioaccumulate in terrestrial organisms.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- BCF (terrestrial species):
- 0.152 dimensionless
Additional information
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