Ammonium iodide

Acute Toxicity: dermal

Administrative data

Endpoint:

acute toxicity: dermal

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: The published literature fulfilled basically scientific principles.

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2001

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

no guideline required

Principles of method if other than guideline:

In order to study at the ultrastructural level which part of the skin is associated with percutaneous iodide transport by passive diffusion, the iodide (KI solution) was applied to the frozen skin of human. Then by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray microanalysis (XRMA), the distribution of iodide in each layer of skin after passive diffusion can be well investigated.

GLP compliance:

no

Remarks:

Publication

Test type:

other: In vitro percutaneous penetration test

Limit test:

no

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Ammonium iodide

EC Number:

234-717-7

EC Name:

Ammonium iodide

Cas Number:

12027-06-4

Molecular formula:

H4IN

IUPAC Name:

ammonium iodide

Test material form:

solid

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Data available only for potassium/sodium iodide (similar inorganic iodides)

The toxicity of ammonium iodide also come from iodide.

potassium iodide (KI) was from Difco Laboratories (Detroit, MI).

KI-Agar Gel Standards
To obtain KI-agar gels containing 0.0, 0.056, 0.11, 0.56, and 1.1 M KI, first a 7% (w/w) solution of agar was heated up to 100°C. Then this solution was cooled to 50°C and subsequently mixed with the same volume of a KI solution of a known concentration (containing 0.1% (w/w) Na2S2O3) so that the desired concentration KI in gel was obtained. Finally the KI-agar solution was allowed to gel at 4°C.

Test animals

Species:

other: in vitro human skin

Strain:

not specified

Sex:

not specified

Administration / exposure

Type of coverage:

other: The stratum corneum side was exposed to a 1.1 M KI solution

Vehicle:

water

Remarks:

1.1 M KI solution

Duration of exposure:

10h

Doses:

1.1 M KI solution

No. of animals per sex per dose:

Irrelevant

Control animals:

not required

Results and discussion

Effect levels

Dose descriptor:

other: Other

Effect level:

0 - 0 mg/kg bw

Based on:

not specified

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Interpretation of results:

other: The dermal absorption is negligible

Remarks:

Criteria used for interpretation of results: other: irrelevant Data available only for potassium/sodium iodide (similar inorganic iodides) The toxicity of ammonium iodide also come from iodide.

Conclusions:

Iodide was mainly found in the stratum corneum (SC), whereas there was little iodide in the viable epidermis.

Executive summary:

In order to study at the ultrastructural level which part of the skin is associated with percutaneous iodide transport by passive diffusion, the iodide (KI solution) was applied to the frozen skin of human. Then by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray microanalysis (XRMA), the distribution of iodide in each layer of skin after passive diffusion can be well investigated. It concluded that the iodide can penetrate into stratum corneum (SC), but little can enter viable epidermis.