Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 201-180-5 | CAS number: 79-14-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 14.811 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 150 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 370.26 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The default ECHA approach was used to modify the dose descriptor starting point:
- To convert the oral NOAEL into inhalatory NOAEC, a rat default respiratory volume was used corresponding to the daily duration of human exposure (sRVrat: 0.38 m3/kg bw/8 h). For workers a correction was added for the difference between respiratory rates under standard conditions (sRVhuman: 6.7 m3 for an 8-h exposure period) and under conditions of light activity (wRV: 10 m3 for an 8-h exposure period).
- The difference in exposure duration (7 days/week for rats, 5 days/week for worker) is taken into account in the calculation.
- Oral absorption of glycolic acid is presumed to be total (refer to section 1 for comments relating to total absorption), 100% absorption. REACH guidance assumes oral absorption is only half as efficient as inhalation absorption but for glycolic acid, and its parent ethylene glycol, the metabolic route is well established and common pathways for absorption are established (see dossier). An additional factor of 2, to take account of reduced oral absorption efficiency, has not been included in these initial calculations since oral absorption is total and rapid. The default absorption percentage 100%, for inhalation has also been used in the calculations.
Thus, the corrected dose descriptor for inhalation route is 150 x (1/ 0.38) x (6.7 / 10) x (7 / 5) x (100/100) = 370,26 mg/m3 for workers.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / the dose descriptor starting point is a NOAEL
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- Default factor / sub-chronic study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / not required as the differences in allometry were taken into account in the conversion of oral to inhalation starting point
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor / remaining toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default factor - workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Although the inhalation data are limited there are good reasons to assume that long term human exposure is no more hazardous than short term rat exposure, and so provision of studies with subchronic or chronic exposures will not significantly add to the weight of evidence.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 12.944 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 12.5
- DNEL extrapolated from long term DNEL
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 230 mg/m³
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 161.81 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The default ECHA approach was used to modify the dose descriptor starting point:
- Human data and reliable N(L)OAEC acute are not available, therefore the NOAEL from the inhalation repeated dose toxicity study was used as the starting point for DNEL derivation.
- A correction was added for the difference between respiratory rates under standard conditions (sRVhuman: 6.7 m3 for an 8-h exposure period) and under conditions of light activity (wRV: 10 m3 for an 8-h exposure period).
- The difference in exposure duration (7 days/week, 6 hours/day for rats, 5 days/week, 8 hours/day for worker) is taken into account in the calculation.
Thus, the corrected dose descriptor for inhalation route is 230 x (6/8) x (7/5) x (6.7/10) = 161.81 mg/m3.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / the dose descriptor is a NOAEC from a 14-day inhalation study (involving limited repeated exposure on just 8 occasions). The sole effect noted in the 14 day study in the low concentration group was not considered an adverse toxic effect and was apparent in only one rat and so the lowest concentration administered in this study was a NOAEC.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / not required when the starting point is an inhalation study
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor / remaining toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default factor / workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.157 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 75
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 161.81 mg/m³
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / the dose descriptor is a NOAEC from a 14-day inhalation study (involving limited repeated exposure on just 8 occasions). The sole effect noted in the 14 day study in the low concentration group was not considered an adverse toxic effect and was apparent in only one rat and so the lowest concentration administered in this study was a NOAEC.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default factor / sub-acute study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / not required when the starting point is an inhalation study
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor / remaining toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default factor / workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 12.944 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 12.5
- DNEL extrapolated from long term DNEL
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 161.81 mg/m³
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / the dose descriptor is a NOAEC from a 14-day inhalation study (involving limited repeated exposure on just 8 occasions). The sole effect noted in the 14 day study in the low concentration group was not considered an adverse toxic effect and was apparent in only one rat and so the lowest concentration administered in this study was a NOAEC.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / not required when the starting point is an inhalation study
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor / remaining toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default factor / workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 80.769 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 150 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 8 076.92 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The default ECHA approach was used to modify the dose descriptor starting point:
- For potential dermal exposure, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral NOAEL value was considered appropriate.
- An in vitro assessment of penetration of glycolic acid through human dermal membranes was considered a good approximation of potential in vivo absorption. At pH < 3, high concentrations penetrate to a high degree resulting in dermal irritation or corrosion but cosmetic use of up to 10% glycolic acid at high pH values results in no dermal irritation. Exposure to 70% glycolic acid or higher concentrations is not expected to result in high absorption if pH is maintained at physiological levels. The worst case experimental data for dermal absorption was used in the DNEL assessments (2.6% at pH = 3.8).
- Difference in exposure duration (7 days/week for rats, 5 days/week for worker) is taken into account in the calculation.
Thus, the corrected dose descriptor for dermal route is 150 x (100 / 2.6) x (7/5) = 8076.92 mg/ kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / the dose descriptor starting point is a NOAEL
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- Default factor / sub-chronic study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default factor / Rat
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor / remaining toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default factor / worker
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
DNELs were derived for oral, dermal and inhalation exposures where possible, generally commencing from the critical endpoint derived from the subchronic oral exposure study. Corrected NOAEL's were calculated as set out below and assessment factors developed in accordance with guidance. In the absence of any mutagenicity or carcinogenicity effects, it was not necessary to calculate DNELs for these endpoints. Similarly the acute/irritation and sensitisation data lent itself more readily to a qualitative assessment with insufficient experimental data available on which to set acute DNEL values.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.61 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 50
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 150 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 130.43 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The default ECHA approach was used to modify the dose descriptor starting point:
- To convert the oral NOAEL into inhalatory NOAEC, a rat default respiratory volume was used corresponding to the daily duration of human exposure (sRVrat: 1.15 m3/kg bw/24 h).
- Oral absorption of glycolic acid is presumed to be total (refer to section 1 for comments relating to total absorption), 100% absorption. REACH guidance assumes oral absorption is only half as efficient as inhalation absorption but for glycolic acid, and its parent ethylene glycol, the metabolic route is well established and common pathways for absorption are established (see dossier). An additional factor of 2, to take account of reduced oral absorption efficiency, has not been included in these initial calculations since oral absorption is total and rapid. The default absorption percentage 100%, for inhalation has also been used in the calculations.
Thus, the corrected dose descriptor for inhalation route is 150 x (1/ 1.15) x (100/100) = 130,43 mg/m3 for workers.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / the dose descriptor starting point is a NOAEL
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- Default factor / sub-chronic study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / not required as the differences in allometry were taken into account in the conversion of oral to inhalation starting point
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor / remaining toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor / general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Although the inhalation data are limited there are good reasons to assume that long term human exposure is no more hazardous than short term rat exposure, and so provision of studies with su
bchronic or chronic exposures will not significantly add to the weight of evidence. - AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.3 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- DNEL extrapolated from long term DNEL
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 230 mg/m³
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 57.5 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The default ECHA approach was used to modify the dose descriptor starting point:
- Human data and reliable N(L)OAEC acute are not available, therefore the NOAEL from the inhalation repeated dose toxicity study was used as the starting point for DNEL derivation.
- The difference in exposure duration (7 days/week, 6 hours/day for rats, 7 days/week, 24 hours/day for worker) is taken into account in the calculation.
Thus, the corrected dose descriptor for inhalation route is 230 x (6/24) x (7/7) = 57.5 mg/m3.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / the dose descriptor is a NOAEC from a 14-day inhalation study (involving limited re peated exposure on just 8 occasions). The sole effect noted in the 14 day study in the low concentra tion group was not considered an adverse toxic effect and was apparent in only one rat and so the lo west concentration administered in this study was a NOAEC.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / not required when the starting point is an inhalation study
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor / remaining toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor / general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.383 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 150
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 57.5 mg/m³
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / the dose descriptor is a NOAEC from a 14-day inhalation study (involving limited re peated exposure on just 8 occasions). The sole effect noted in the 14 day study in the low concentra tion group was not considered an adverse toxic effect and was apparent in only one rat and so the lo west concentration administered in this study was a NOAEC.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default factor / sub-acute study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / not required when the starting point is an inhalation study
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor / remaining toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor / general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.3 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- DNEL extrapolated from long term DNEL
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 57.5 mg/m³
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / the dose descriptor is a NOAEC from a 14-day inhalation study (involving limited re peated exposure on just 8 occasions). The sole effect noted in the 14 day study in the low concentra tion group was not considered an adverse toxic effect and was apparent in only one rat and so the lo west concentration administered in this study was a NOAEC.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / not required when the starting point is an inhalation study
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor / remaining toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor / general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 28.85 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 200
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 150 mg/m³
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 5 769.23 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The default ECHA approach was used to modify the dose descriptor starting point:
- For potential dermal exposure, route-to-route extrapolation from the oral NOAEL value was considered appropriate.
- An in vitro assessment of penetration of glycolic acid through human dermal membranes was considered a good approximation of potential in vivo absorption. At pH < 3, high concentrations penetrate to a high degree resulting in dermal irritation or corrosion but cosmetic use of up to 10% glycolic acid at high pH values results in no dermal irritation. Exposure to 70% glycolic acid or higher concentrations is not expected to result in high absorption if pH is maintained at physiological levels. The worst case experimental data for dermal absorption was used in the DNEL assessments (2.6% at pH = 3.8).
Thus, the corrected dose descriptor for dermal route is 150 x (100 / 2.6) = 5769.23 mg/ kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / the dose descriptor starting point is a NOAEL
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- Default factor / sub-chronic study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default factor / Rat
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor / remaining toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor / general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.75 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 200
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 150 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 150 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default factor / the dose descriptor starting point is a NOAEL
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- Default factor / sub-chronic study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default factor / Rat
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor / remaining toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor / general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - General Population
DNELs were derived for oral, dermal and inhalation exposures where possible, generally commencing from the critical endpoint derived from the subchronic oral exposure study. Corrected NOAEL's were calculated as set out below and assessment factors developed in accordance with guidance. In the absence of any mutagenicity or carcinogenicity effects, it was not necessary to calculate DNELs for these endpoints. Similarly the acute/irritation and sensitisation data lent itself more readily to a qualitative assessment with insufficient experimental data available on which to set acute DNEL values.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.