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EC number: 231-786-5 | CAS number: 7727-54-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Hydrolysis
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- hydrolysis
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 111 (Hydrolysis as a Function of pH)
- Version / remarks:
- 2004-11-23
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- In-house quality and environmental management system in place. Certified in accordance with ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 14001:2015.
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Ion chromatography
- Buffers:
- 1) pH-4 buffer solution:
20.43 g potassium hydrogen phthalate were dissolved in 1 L distilled water at 20 °C. To 500 mL of that solution 4.0 mL NaOH 0.1 M and water are added to an overall volume of 1.0 L.
2) pH-7 buffer solution:
13.61 g potassium hydrogen phosphate were dissolved in 1 L distilled water at 20 °C. To 500 mL of that solution 296.3 mL NaOH 0.1 M and water are added to an overall volume of 1.0 L.
3) pH-9 buffer solution:
6.19 g boric acid were dissolved in 1 L distilled water at 20 °C. To 500 mL of that solution 213.0 mL NaOH 0.1 M and water are added to an overall volume of 1.0 L. - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Type, material and volume of test flasks, other equipment used: standard laboratory glassware
- Sterilisation method: none
- Lighting: darkness
- Measures taken to avoid photolytic effects:yes, the test was performed unter total darkness.
- Measures to exclude oxygen: none.
TEST MEDIUM
- Volume used/treatment: 50 mL
- Kind and purity of water: distilled water
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: none - Duration:
- 4 d
- pH:
- 9
- Temp.:
- 60 °C
- Duration:
- 4 d
- pH:
- 7
- Temp.:
- 60 °C
- Duration:
- 4 d
- pH:
- 4
- Temp.:
- 60 °C
- Duration:
- 32 d
- pH:
- 9
- Temp.:
- 25 °C
- Duration:
- 32 d
- pH:
- 7
- Temp.:
- 25 °C
- Duration:
- 32 d
- pH:
- 4
- Temp.:
- 25 °C
- Duration:
- 31 d
- pH:
- 9
- Temp.:
- 10 °C
- Duration:
- 31 d
- pH:
- 7
- Temp.:
- 10 °C
- Duration:
- 31 d
- pH:
- 4
- Temp.:
- 10 °C
- Number of replicates:
- 2
- Positive controls:
- no
- Negative controls:
- no
- Preliminary study:
- The preliminary hydrolysis test was performed at 50 °C at pH values of 4, 7 and 9. The samples were incubated for five days and analyzed afterwards.
S2O8[2-] (t = 0) S2O8[2-] (t = 5 days)
pH 4 88.21 7.77
pH 7 84.93 13.37
pH 9 97.45 12.33
The persulfate was hydrolyzed to similar degrees at all tested pH values. Given the fact, that in each case the amount of hydrolyzed substance is more than 10 %, the substance cannot be considered hydrolytically stable. Thus, an in-detail study was conducted. - Transformation products:
- not specified
- Key result
- pH:
- 7
- Temp.:
- 12 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 0 h-1
- DT50:
- 1 698.18 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Key result
- pH:
- 4
- Temp.:
- 60 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 0.025 h-1
- DT50:
- 27.7 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- pH:
- 7
- Temp.:
- 60 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 0.019 h-1
- DT50:
- 36.5 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- pH:
- 9
- Temp.:
- 60 °C
- Hydrolysis rate constant:
- 0.019 h-1
- DT50:
- 36.5 h
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- APS was shown to be hydrolitically stable at 10 °C and pH 4, 7 and 9, a minor hydrolysis was observed at 25 °C, whereas, a very strong hydrolysis at 60 °C was observed within 4 days. The DT50 at pH 4 and 60 °C was determined to be 27.2 h, at pH 7 and 9 and 60 °C the DT50 was determined to be 36.5 h. The DT50 at environmentally relevant temperature (12 °C) and pH 7 was extrapolated to be 1698.18 h (70.76 d).
- Executive summary:
A study according to OECD TG 111 was performed to determine the hydrolysis potential of the test item. Inittialla, a Tier 1 tests at for 5 days at 50 °C and H 4, 7 and 9 was performed. Hydrolisys of more than 10 % was observed at all pH levels. Thus, a Tier 2 hydrolysis test was conducted at 10, 25 and 60 °C and pH 4, 7 and 9. Hydrolysis studies at 10 and 25 °C run for ca. 30 days, while at 60 °C the hydrolysis process was finished after 4 days. APS was shown to be hydrolitically stable at 10 °C and pH 4, 7 and 9, a minor hydrolysis was observed at 25 °C, whereas, a very strong hydrolysis at 60 °C was observed within 4 days. The DT50 at pH 4 and 60 °C was determined to be 27.2 h. The DT50 at environmentally relevant temperature (12 °C) was extrapolated to be 1288.76 h (53.7 d).
Reference
As the APS was found to be unstable at all tested pH values, advanced tests were conducted for all three conditions. The buffered APS solutions were thermostated at 10, 25, as well as 60 °C, respectively.
Hydrolysis at 10 °C
Table 1: Analytic results of the hydrolysis of APS at 10 °C and pH = 4.
APS (10 °C, pH = 4) | ||||||
Day | Sample-ID | weighed-in | S2O82- [%] | pH | SO42- | |
|
|
| Sample 1 | Sample 2 |
|
|
1 | 0 (Start) | 0.1171 | 85.40 | 85.35 | 4.03 |
|
4 | 1 | 0.1151 | 85.91 | 85.71 | 4.05 |
|
8 | 2 | 0.1142 | 85.99 | 85.43 | 4.10 |
|
11 | 3 | 0.1157 | 87.98 | 88.00 | 4.08 |
|
15 | 4 | 0.1142 | 88.54 | 88.39 | 4.10 |
|
18 | 5 | 0.1162 | 88.65 | 87.68 | 3.97 |
|
22 | 6 | 0.1147 | 90.90 | 92.08 | 3.90 |
|
25 | 7 | 0.1149 | 91.79 | 92.33 | 4.08 |
|
29 | 8 | 0.1143 | 92.38 | 92.47 | 4.10 |
|
31 | 9 | 0.1182 | 94.54 | 94.78 | 4.06 | 0.5 |
APS is hydrolytically stable at 10 °C and pH=4. Interestingly, the measured APS content was found to increase over the measurement period. The sulfate content of the final sample 9 was determined to be 0.5 %, further confirming the stability of APS under these conditions.
Table 2: Analytic results of the hydrolysis of APS at 10 °C and pH = 7.
APS (10 °C, pH = 7) | ||||||
Day | Sample-ID | weighed-in | S2O82- [%] | pH | SO42- | |
|
|
| Sample 1 | Sample 2 |
|
|
1 | 0 (Start) | 0.1201 | 85.53 | 85.06 | 6.97 |
|
4 | 1 | 0.1148 | 86.40 | 84.98 | 6.97 |
|
8 | 2 | 0.1143 | 85.85 | 86.16 | 7.03 |
|
11 | 3 | 0.1142 | 88.27 | 88.29 | 7.04 |
|
15 | 4 | 0.1177 | 88.94 | 88.00 | 7.05 |
|
18 | 5 | 0.1155 | 89.37 | 87.87 | 6.96 |
|
22 | 6 | 0.1165 | 91.54 | 91.77 | 6.88 |
|
25 | 7 | 0.1159 | 82.02 | 91.78 | 7.00 |
|
29 | 8 | 0.1160 | 92.56 | 93.17 | 7.00 |
|
31 | 9 | 0.1185 | 94.89 | 93.52 | 6.96 | 0.1 |
The results from the study at pH = 4 can be confirmed for pH = 7. APS is hydrolytically stable under these conditions (10 °C and pH=7) as well. Likewise, the measured APS content was found to increase over the measurement period. The sulfate content of the final sample 9 was determined to 0.1 %, confirming the stability of APS under these conditions.
Table 3: Analytic results of the hydrolysis of APS at 10 °C and pH = 9.
APS (10 °C, pH = 9) | ||||||
Day | Sample-ID | weighed-in | S2O82- [%] | pH | SO42- | |
|
|
| Sample 1 | Sample 2 |
|
|
1 | 0 (Start) | 0.1155 | 84.05 | 84.16 | 8.86 |
|
4 | 1 | 0.1148 | 84.80 | 85.16 | 8.75 |
|
8 | 2 | 0.1152 | 85.95 | 85.25 | 8.80 |
|
11 | 3 | 0.1149 | 88.24 | 88.60 | 8.86 |
|
15 | 4 | 0.1161 | 88.60 | 88.14 | 8.86 |
|
18 | 5 | 0.1176 | 89.19 | 87.77 | 8.85 |
|
22 | 6 | 0.1166 | 90.30 | 91.72 | 8.70 |
|
25 | 7 | 0.1151 | 91.07 | 92.13 | 8.80 |
|
29 | 8 | 0.1145 | 92.56 | 92.68 | 8.70 |
|
31 | 9 | 0.1183 | 93.78 | 93.52 | 8.75 | 0.6 |
The results from the study at pH = 4 and 7 can be confirmed for pH = 9 as well. APS is hydrolytically stable under these conditions (10 °C and pH=9) as well. Likewise, the measured APS content was found to increase over the measurement period. The sulfate content of the final sample 9 was determined to 0.6 %, confirming the stability of APS under these conditions.
Hydrolysis at 25 °C
Table 4: Analytic results of the hydrolysis of APS at 25 °C and pH = 4.
APS (25 °C, pH = 4) | ||||||
Day | Sample-ID | weighed-in sample [g] | S2O82- [%] | pH | SO42- | |
Sample 1 | Sample 2 | |||||
1 | 0 (Start) | 0.1117 | 85.66 | 85.95 | 4.08 |
|
5 | 1 | 0.1133 | 85.62 | 85.57 | 4.09 |
|
8 | 2 | 0.1128 | 85.57 | 85.40 | 4.05 |
|
12 | 3 | 0.1180 | 85.95 | 86.14 | 3.94 |
|
15 | 4 | 0.1121 | 85.21 | 85.41 | 4.03 |
|
19 | 5 | 0.1138 | 85.20 | 85.40 | 4.01 |
|
22 | 6 | 0.1125 | 84.72 | 84.21 | 4.05 |
|
26 | 7 | 0.1123 | 84.45 | 84.39 | 3.99 |
|
29 | 8 | 0.1142 | 77.80 | 78.07 | 3.81 |
|
32 | 9 | 0.1121 | 68.94 | 68.82 | 3.82 | 3.22 |
APS is hydrolytically stable until after sample 7 (after approx. 3 weeks). Afterwards, the APS content was found to decrease significantly. Likewise, the pH value drops to 3.8 indicating that the buffer is used up at this point. The sulfate content was analysed to 3.2% which is a lower value than anticipated from the decreased amount of persulfate. This might be explained by the fact that persulfates can decompose via a different pathway in the acidic milieu and form monoperoxosulfate SO52- as an intermediate decomposition product which was not determined analytically during this study.
Table 5: Analytic results of the hydrolysis of APS at 25 °C and pH = 7.
APS (25 °C, pH = 7) | ||||||
Day | Sample-ID | weighed-in sample [g] | S2O82- [%] | pH | SO42- | |
Sample 1 | Sample 2 | |||||
1 | 0 (Start) | 0.1122 | 84.63 | 84.97 | 7.03 |
|
5 | 1 | 0.1135 | 85.64 | 85.77 | 6.99 |
|
8 | 2 | 0.1158 | 86.19 | 86.12 | 6.96 |
|
12 | 3 | 0.1157 | 86.50 | 86.69 | 6.93 |
|
15 | 4 | 0.1183 | 86.78 | 86.84 | 6.97 |
|
19 | 5 | 0.1134 | 86.67 | 86.57 | 6.94 |
|
22 | 6 | 0.1122 | 87.95 | 87.67 | 7.00 |
|
26 | 7 | 0.1113 | 87.95 | 88.00 | 6.93 |
|
29 | 8 | 0.1170 | 82.39 | 82.82 | 6.85 |
|
32 | 9 | 0.1136 | 82.98 | 83.43 | 6.81 | 2.40 |
The results from the study at pH = 7 indicate that almost no hydrolysis was observed under these conditions. After one month the persulfate content was reduced by approx. 2.5 %. The analysed amount of SO42- in the terminal sample was 2.40 % which is in good accordance to the decomposed amount of persulfate. Analogous to the study at pH = 4 the final pH-value of the sample is slightly lower than the original sample at the beginning of the measurement indicating that the buffer was at its limit.
Table 6: Analytic results of the hydrolysis of APS at 25 °C and pH = 9.
APS (25 °C, pH = 9) | ||||||
Day | Sample-ID | weighed-in sample [g] | S2O82- [%] | pH | SO42- | |
Sample 1 | Sample 2 | |||||
1 | 0 (Start) | 0.1130 | 85.66 | 85.95 | 8.76 |
|
5 | 1 | 0.1121 | 85.77 | 85.99 | 8.72 |
|
8 | 2 | 0.1144 | 86.51 | 86.43 | 8.71 |
|
12 | 3 | 0.1130 | 86.49 | 86.52 | 8.69 |
|
15 | 4 | 0.1144 | 86.75 | 87.00 | 8.71 |
|
19 | 5 | 0.1146 | 87.46 | 87.09 | 8.67 |
|
22 | 6 | 0.1122 | 87.07 | 86.94 | 8.70 |
|
26 | 7 | 0.1121 | 87.46 | 87.21 | 8.68 |
|
29 | 8 | 0.1135 | 82.07 | 82.77 | 8.51 |
|
32 | 9 | 0.1124 | 83.00 | 82.58 | 8.52 | 2.94 |
The results from the study at pH = 9 is very similar to the result obtained at pH = 7. APS is hydrolytically stable under these conditions as well. After one month the persulfate content was reduced by approx. 3 %. The analysed amount of SO42- in the terminal sample was 2.94 % which is in good accordance to the decomposed amount of persulfate. Analogous to the study at pH = 4 the final pH-value of the sample is slightly lower than the original sample at the beginning of the measurement indicating that the buffer was at its limit.
Hydrolysis at 60 °C
Table 7: Analytic results of the hydrolysis of APS at 60 °C and pH = 4.
APS (60 °C, pH = 4) | ||||||
Date, Time | Sample-ID | weighed-in | S2O82- [%] | pH | SO42- | |
Sample 1 | Sample 2 | |||||
2019-03-25, 07:00 | 0 (Start) | 0.1138 | 84.48 | 84.37 | 4.09 |
|
2019-03-25, 15:00 | 1 | 0.1127 | 59.51 | 59.42 | 3.83 |
|
2019-03-26, 06:00 | 2 | 0.1136 | 37.68 | 38.58 | 3.60 |
|
2019-03-26, 11:00 | 3* | 0.1138 | 28.74 | 28.76 | 3.47 |
|
2019-03-26, 15:00 | 4* | 0.1134 | 28.56 | 28.94 | 3.46 |
|
2019-03-27, 06:00 | 5* | 0.1130 | 20.00 | 19.09 | 3.43 |
|
2019-03-27, 13:00 | 6* | 0.1134 | 15.97 | 15.82 | 3.42 |
|
2019-03-28, 06:00 | 7** | 0.1150 | 11.06 | 11.05 | 3.35 |
|
2019-03-28, 13:00 | 8** | 0.1123 | 10.45 | 10.43 | 3.36 |
|
2019-03-29, 06:00 | 9** | 0.1130 | 7.53 | 7.53 | 3.36 | 81.87*** |
* dilution factor for ion chromatographic analysis = 8000
** dilution factor for ion chromatographic analysis = 4000
*** dilution factor for ion chromatographic analysis = 80000
APS decomposes rather quickly under the test conditions. After approx. 4 days less than 10 % of the original content was found in the respective samples. The amount of sulfate detected in the terminal sample is in good agreement with that finding. At this temperature it was not possible to hold the pH value of the buffered solutions at 4. It drifted steadily to 3.36 throughout the study.
Table 8: Analytic results of the hydrolysis of APS at 60 °C and pH = 7.
APS (60 °C, pH = 7) | ||||||
Date, Time | Sample-ID | weighed-in | S2O82- [%] | pH | SO42- | |
Sample 1 | Sample 2 | |||||
2019-03-25, 07:00 | 0 (Start) | 0.1146 | 85.23 | 85.19 | 7.05 |
|
2019-03-25, 15:00 | 1 | 0.1123 | 74.68 | 74.19 | 6.96 |
|
2019-03-26, 06:00 | 2 | 0.1128 | 53.73 | 54.32 | 6.63 |
|
2019-03-26, 11:00 | 3* | 0.1138 | 49.63 | 48.97 | 6.57 |
|
2019-03-26, 15:00 | 4* | 0.1143 | 46.77 | 46.95 | 6.55 |
|
2019-03-27, 06:00 | 5* | 0.1129 | 32.42 | 32.33 | 6.41 |
|
2019-03-27, 13:00 | 6* | 0.1128 | 30.41 | 30.42 | 6.40 |
|
2019-03-28, 06:00 | 7** | 0.1139 | 22.69 | 22.90 | 6.21 |
|
2019-03-28, 13:00 | 8** | 0.1127 | 20.82 | 21,06 | 6.20 |
|
2019-03-29, 06:00 | 9** | 0.1158 | 14.29 | 14.22 | 6.06 | 72.04*** |
* dilution factor for ion chromatographic analysis = 8000
** dilution factor for ion chromatographic analysis = 4000
*** dilution factor for ion chromatographic analysis = 40000
APS decomposes rather quickly at these conditions, however somewhat slower than at pH = 4. The amount of sulfate detected in the terminal sample (72.04 %) is in good agreement with the corresponding APS content. As for the previous study at pH = 4 it was also not possible to keep the pH value of the buffered solutions at 7. It drifted steadily to a final value of 6.06 during the study.
Table 9: Analytic results of the hydrolysis study of APS at 60 °C and pH = 9.
APS (60 °C, pH = 9) | ||||||
Date, Time | Sample-ID | weighed-in | S2O82- [%] | pH | SO42- | |
Sample 1 | Sample 2 | |||||
2019-03-25, 07:00 | 0 (Start) | 0.1160 | 85.86 | 85.77 | 8.88 |
|
2019-03-25, 15:00 | 1 | 0.1165 | 69.94 | 70.58 | 8.71 |
|
2019-03-26, 06:00 | 2 | 0.1122 | 50.78 | 51.25 | 8.34 |
|
2019-03-26, 11:00 | 3* | 0.1116 | 45.03 | 44.50 | 8.19 |
|
2019-03-26, 15:00 | 4* | 0.1136 | 43.53 | 43.38 | 8.16 |
|
2019-03-27, 06:00 | 5* | 0.1130 | 35.42 | 35.33 | 7.68 |
|
2019-03-27, 13:00 | 6* | 0.1143 | 31.89 | 31.59 | 7.60 |
|
2019-03-28, 06:00 | 7** | 0.1117 | 21.52 | 21.65 | 7.00 |
|
2019-03-28, 13:00 | 8** | 0.1165 | 19.21 | 19.26 | 3.30 |
|
2019-03-29, 06:00 | 9** | 0.1159 | 13.60 | 12.93 | 2.93 | 78.17*** |
* dilution factor for ion chromatographic analysis = 8000
** dilution factor for ion chromatographic analysis = 4000
*** dilution factor for ion chromatographic analysis = 40000
APS decomposes at 60 °C and pH=9 with a similar rate compared to the study at pH = 7. The amount of sulfate detected in the terminal sample is again in good agreement with the corresponding APS content. As for the previous studies at 60 °C it was also not possible to keep the pH value of the buffered solutions at 9. Especially close to the end of the study the pH value of the sample fell rapidly to a final value of 2.93.
Description of key information
Persulfates dissociate
in water to the corresponding cation and persulfate anion. Hydrolysis is
temperature and pH dependent. The persulfate anion, independent from the
cation, undergoes decomposition in normal water or acid conditions,
readily oxidizing water to oxygen, producing acid conditions. All
degradation products are ubiquitous to the environment. APS was shown to
be hydrolitically stable at 10 °C and pH 4, 7 and 9, a minor hydrolysis
was observed at 25 °C, whereas, a very strong hydrolysis at 60 °C was
observed within 4 days. The DT50 at pH 4 and 60 °C was determined to be
27.2 h, at pH 7 and 9 and 60 °C the DT50 was determined to be 36.5 h.
The DT50 at environmentally relevant temperature (12 °C) and pH 7 was
extrapolated to be 1698.18 h (70.76 d).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Half-life for hydrolysis:
- 70.76 d
- at the temperature of:
- 12 °C
Additional information
A study according to OECD TG 111 was performed to determine the hydrolysis potential of the test item. Initially, a Tier 1 tests at for 5 days at 50 °C and H 4, 7 and 9 was performed. Hydrolisys of more than 10 % was initially observed at all pH levels. Thus, a Tier 2 hydrolysis test was conducted at 10, 25 and 60 °C and pH 4, 7 and 9. Hydrolysis studies at 10 and 25 °C run for ca. 30 days, while at 60 °C the hydrolysis process was finished after 4 days. APS was shown to be hydrolitically stable at 10 °C and pH 4, 7 and 9, a minor hydrolysis was observed at 25 °C, whereas, a very strong hydrolysis at 60 °C was observed within 4 days. The DT50 at pH 4 and 60 °C was determined to be 27.2 h, at pH 7 and 9 and 60 °C the DT50 was determined to be 36.5 h. The DT50 at environmentally relevant temperature (12 °C) and pH 7 was extrapolated to be 1698.18 h (70.76 d).
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