Diammonium peroxodisulphate

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

1992-09-08 to 1993-06-11

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: FIFRA Guideline 72-2 of the Pesticide Assessment Guidelines

Deviations:

no

Principles of method if other than guideline:

NA

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

Samples were collected from replicate A of the control and treatment exposure at 0 hour and from replicate B of the control and treatment exposure at 48 hour.

Details on test solutions:

In a range-finding test, the EC50 was determined near 100 mg/L. Therefore, nominal concentrations were set at 38.9, 64.8, 108, 180, and 300 mg/L.
Measured concentration (mg/L) of ammonium persulfate after 0 and 48 h of exposure:
Nominal concentration / 0 h-exposure / 48 h-exposure / % nominal:
0 / ND / ND / NC
38.9 / 40.8 / 41.7 / 106
64.8 / 65.8 / 69.6 / 107
108 / 103 / 114 / 101
180 / 180 / 189 / 103
300 / 305 / 320 / 104

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Daphnia magna
- Source: Stock culture at ESE
- Age at study initiation: neonates, less than 24 hours old
- Feeding during test
- Food type: Synthetic food composed of yeast, trow food and cereal leaves (YTC)

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 48 hours at 20 +/- 2 °C
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): yes
- Type and amount of food: YTC

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Post exposure observation period:

NA

Hardness:

169 mg/L as CaCO3

Test temperature:

20.6 - 21.5 °C

pH:

8.0 - 8.4

Dissolved oxygen:

8.6 - 9.1 mg/L

Salinity:

119 mg/L as CaCO3

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: 0; 38.9; 64.8; 108; 180, 300 mg/L
Measured: 0, 41.2; 67.7; 109; 185; 313 mg/L

Details on test conditions:

The test was conducted in glass exposure chambers, which were filled to 250 mL with dilution water or test solution, and were kept covered during the test, except when daily observations of test organisms were made and water quality parameters measured. 10 daphnids were impartially distributed to each of the duplicate control and treatment chambers. During the test organisms were not fed. A daily photoperiod of 16-hours light and 8-hours dark and water temperature of 20 +/- 2 °C were maintained throughout the test. Exposure water quality parameters including, temperatures, dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH were measured daily in all exposure chambers. Temperature of the water bath containing all test chambers was continuously monitored throughout the test. Test organisms were observed daily for immobilization (upon prodding) and any behavioural changes, and immobilized test organisms were removed.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

120 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Remarks on result:

other: 95 % CL: 103 -139 mg/L

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

41 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Details on results:

The 48-hour EC50 of ammonium persulfate for the water flea, Daphnia magna, was determined to be 120 mg/L with a 95 % confidence interval of 103 to 139 mg/L. A no observed effect concentration, the highest exposure concentration with <= 10 % mortality was determined to be 41 mg/L.

Results with reference substance (positive control):

NA

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Statistical analyses were based on the measured concentrations of test material. The statistical procedure to be used for calculating the LC50 and 95 % confidence limits was developed by Stephan. A no observed effect concentration (NOEC) was determined from the highest test concentration causing <= 10 % mortality.

Table: Immobility of water fleas (Daphnia magna) exposed to ammonium persulfate in a 48 -h static, acute toxicity test:

Mean measured concentration of ammonium persulfate (mg/L)	Cumulative number of immobilized organisms and percent mortality (parenthetic values)
	24h	48 h
0 (control)	0 (0)	0 (0)
41.2	0 (0)	0 (0)
67.7	0 (0)	3 (15)
109	0 (0)	4 (20)
185	0 (0)	19 (95)
313	15 (75)	20 (100)

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The 48-hour EC50 of ammonium persulfate for Daphnia magna was determined to be 120 mg/L. The NOEC was determined to be 41 mg/L.

Executive summary:

Diammonium persulfate was tested in an 48-hours acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrates test with the water flea Daphnia magna. The 48-hour EC 50 of diammonium persulfate for water fleas, was 120 mg/L. The NOEC was determined to be 41 mg/L.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

1993-11-20 to 1993-11-25

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: PARCOM Ring test protocol for the Abra test; November 1990 incl. alterations of September 1992

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

no

Details on sampling:

NA

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

The test substance is a crystalline solid soluble in water (> 10 g/L). The test media were prepared by adding the crystals by weight and blending it with batches of 500 mL standard sediment suspension providing the required test concentrations.

Test organisms (species):

other aquatic mollusc: Abra alba

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Abra alba
- Age at study initiation: no information available
- Weight at study initiation: no information available
- Diameter: > 5 mm
- Method of breeding: no information available
- Feeding during test: yes
- Food type: homogenized feces of Mytilus

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: at least 5 days before start of the pre-exposure period

Test type:

static

Water media type:

saltwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

5 d

Post exposure observation period:

NA

Hardness:

NA

Test temperature:

10.0 - 11.5 °C

pH:

within accepted levels

Dissolved oxygen:

> 70 % of air saturation value

Salinity:

32 - 34 per mille

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal concentrations. 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg/L

Details on test conditions:

Test duration: Pre-exposure: 2 days; Exposure: 5 days
Test parameter: Fecal pellet production of Abra alba
Test vessels: Polyethylene tubes with inner diameter of 36 mm, outer diameter of 40 mm and mesh size of 90 µm. Series of 15 tubes are glued together in a rack of 3x5 sieves, corresponding to about 12x20 cm
Test medium: 250 mL sediment suspension with a salinity of 32 - 34 per mille
Test concentrations: 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg/L
Control: Medium without test substance or other additives (0 mg/L)
Reference substance: The test was combined with exposure of A.alba to 2.4 ppm of 3,5-dichlorophenol (97 %)
Number of test organisms: 22 to 30 per group during both the pre-exposure and the exposure period
Loading: One test organism per tube, about 15 individuals per container in 250 mL of 5 % standard sediment suspension. two containers were used for each concentration.
Introduction of A. alba: Directly after preparation of the test media
pH: within accepted levels
Oxygen concentration: > 70 % of air saturation value
Temperature of medium: 10.0 - 11.5 °C

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

3,5-Dichlorophenol (97 %)

Duration:

5 d

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

11 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: fecal pellet production

Duration:

5 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: fecal pellet production

Details on results:

Control series:
The test organisms in the control series behaved normally producing 4.04 mg/ind/day during the exposure period versus 3.16 mg/ind/day during the pre-exposure period.
Test concentrations:
Normalized fecal pellet production in percentage of the control decreased with increasing concentration. The EC50 (5 d) obtained was 11 mg/L and the NOEC was 5 mg/L. Results were based on nominal concentrations.

Results with reference substance (positive control):

The sensitivity of the test organisms for 2.4 ppm of 3,5-Dichlorophenol (97 5) should be within the normal range, i.e. a reduction in the defecation rate corresponding to 24 - 45 % of the control after 5 days of exposure. The sensitivity control showed a defecation rate of 39 % relative to the control, which is within the acceptable range for the reference substance (2.4 ppm of 3,5-Dichlorophenol), i.e. a fecal production rate of 25 - 45 5 of control after 5 days.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

NA

TABLE: Fecal pellet production of A. alba during the pre-exposure and exposure period.

 

Series code	Pre-exposure:		Exposure period:
	Fecal pellet production (mg):		Nominal con- centration (mg/l)	Number exposed	Fecal pellet production (mg) during
					96-120 h of exposure:
	total	lnd/d^1			total	ind/d^1	Norm.^2	SE	%	SE%
1	360	3.16	0	57	230	4.04	3.18	0.36	100	12
2  3,5	151	2.52	ref^3	30	38	1.27	1.25	0.14	39	5
3	127	2.27	2	28	75	2.68	2.94	0.33	92	14
4	104	2.36	5	22	54	2.45	2.59	0.29	81	12
5	128	2.13	10	26	37	1.42	1,66	0.19	52	7
6	146	2.43	20	30	0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0	0
7	164	2,73	50	30	0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0	0

 

¹Individual fecal pellet production per day.

²Normalized fecal pellet production per individual per day.

SE = Estimated standard error for normalized fecal pellet production.

%=Normalized fecal pellet production in % of control.

SE %=Estimated Standard error for percent values.

³2.4 mg/l of 3.5-dichlorophenol.

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Diammonium persulfate was tested in an acute toxicity to the marine mollusc Abra alba study. An EC50 (5 d) was determined of 11 mg/L.

Executive summary:

Diammonium persulfate was tested for toxic effects to the marine mollusc Abra alba in a test according to PARCOM Ring test criteria. In this test, the fecal pellet production rate of the mollusc Abra alba was recorded in comparison with an untreated control group and a peer group treated with 2.4 ppm of 3,5 -Dichlorophenol. Exposure time was 5 days. Under the conditions of this test, diammonium persulfate did not induce significant reduction of fecal pellet production by Abra alba exposed to a test concentration of 5 mg/L. No-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was considered 5 mg/L. The EC50 (5 d) was 11 mg/l with a standard error of +/- 1 mg/L, corresponding to a 95 % confidence interval ranging from 9 to 13 mg/L.

Description of key information

The acute toxicity of the Persulfate Category to aquatic invertebrates was tested in eight studies. Six studies were available for diammonium persulfate and two for disodium persulfate. The studies were in accordance to FIFRA guideline 72-2 and 72-3 of the pesticide assessment guidelines, OECD guideline 202 and EU Method C.2. The most sensitive LC50 (48 h) value for freshwater was determined at 120 mg/L and for marine water at 11 mg/L (5 d).

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

120 mg/L

Marine water invertebrates

Marine water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

11 mg/L

Additional information

The acute toxicity of the Persulfate Category to aquatic invertebrates was tested in eight studies. Six studies were available for diammonium persulfate and two for disodium persulfate. For freshwater EC50 values ranged from 120-356.7 mg/L. The acute toxicity study to Daphnia magna with diammonium persulfate according to FIFRA guideline 72-2 of the Pesticide Assessment revealed an EC50 (48 h) of 120 mg/L, the most sensitive value available. For the marine water EC50 values ranged from 11-391 mg/L. The acute toxicity to marine invertebrate Abra alba with diammonium persulfate according to PARCOM Ring test protocol revealed an EC50 (5 d) of 11 mg/L, the most sensitive value available.