Registration Dossier
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EC number: 231-111-4 | CAS number: 7440-02-0
Manufacture, use & exposure
Uses at industrial sites
Documentsopen allclose all
Uses at industrial sites
- Registration/ Notification status for the use:
- use as intermediate registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported <10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of nickel powder or nickel alloy powder in powder metallurgy - only air
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Name of activity / technique:
- Raw material handling
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Furnacing and atomisation
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- PROC 27a: Production of metal powders (hot processes)
- Name of activity / technique:
- Powder finishing - crushing, milling and sieving
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Powder handling
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Powder pressing
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 14: Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelletisation, granulation
- Name of activity / technique:
- Sintering
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- Post-sintering operations
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- Wet cleaning
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Name of activity / technique:
- Cleaning/removal of dust
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 17: General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Metal surface treatment – nickel electroplating and nickel electroforming ES1 STP discharge
- Name of activity / technique:
- Metal surface treatment – nickel electroplating and nickel electroforming ES2 direct discharge
- Name of activity / technique:
- Metal surface treatment – nickel electroplating and nickel electroforming ES3 marine discharge
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 15: Use as laboratory reagent
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Name of activity / technique:
- 10.1 Surface finishing operations
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- PROC 15: Use as laboratory reagent
- Name of activity / technique:
- 10.2 Cleaning and maintenance
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 14: Metal surface treatment products
- Sector of end use:
- SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
ContribScenEnvirWorkerRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- yes
- Application of site specific biological STP sludge on agricultural soil:
- yes
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
ContribScenWorkersRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
Technical and organisational conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x estimated 75th percentile of long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x estimated 75th percentile of long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Read across exposure estimate as 75th percentile of insoluble nickel (hands & arms) from CES3.3 cutting and packing in GES 3: Electrolytic refining of Ni matte via Ni sulphate solution for Ni metal production
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
Technical and organisational conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 90th percentile MEASE modelling corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no RPE is used, the long term exposure estimate is 0.342
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x estimated long-term exposure, corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no RPE is used, the acute exposure is 1.026
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 90th percentile MEASE modelling corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no RPE is used, the long term exposure estimate is 0.342
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x estimated long-term exposure, corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no RPE is used, the acute exposure is 1.026
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Uses at industrial sites
- Registration/ Notification status for the use:
- use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Name of activity / technique:
- Intermediate use of nickel metal for the manufacture of nickel salts - Direct discharge to fresh water
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC6a: Use of intermediate
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Name of activity / technique:
- Handling of massive material
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Wet chemical reaction
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- Name of activity / technique:
- Control room operations
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- Wet cleaning
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Name of activity / technique:
- Cleaning/removal of dust
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Sector of end use:
- SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC4: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of Ni-containing alloys for blasting ES only air emissions
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 7: Industrial spraying
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 11: Non industrial spraying
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Name of activity / technique:
- 36.1 Raw Material Handling.
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Name of activity / technique:
- 36.2 Blasting operations
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 7: Industrial spraying
- PROC 11: Non industrial spraying
- Name of activity / technique:
- 36.3 Cleaning and maintenance
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- SpERC
- Remarks:
- This SPERC is relevant for ERC12a processes and blasting is considered relevant also for ERC 12b. There is a factor 10 difference between ERC12a and ERC12b releases according to ECHA. Therefore a factor of 10 has been applied to the... (see attached file)
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
ContribScenWorkersRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- dermal
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- inhalation
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x long-term exposure estimate. This allows for the extreme short term variability of exposure concentrations that is associated with handling powder.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x long-term exposure estimate. This allows for the extreme short term variability of exposure concentrations that is associated with handling powder.
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- dermal
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- inhalation
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x long-term exposure estimate
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x long-term exposure estimate
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- dermal
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- inhalation
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x long-term exposure estimate. This allows for the extreme short term variability of exposure concentrations that is associated with handling powder.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x long-term exposure estimate. This allows for the extreme short term variability of exposure concentrations that is associated with handling powder.
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC7: Use of functional fluid at industrial site
- Name of activity / technique:
- Sputter deposition ES1 only air emissions
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- 21.1 Physical vapour deposition by sputtering
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Product category used:
- PC 0: Other: Not relevant
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- SpERC
- Remarks:
- SPERCs data for “Industrial use: shaping” are used (Eurometaux, 2012).
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
Technical and organisational conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- dermal
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile long-term exposure for entirely enclosed process,. Based on expert judgement in the absence of measurement data, the exposure estimates take account of the clean room standards of cleanliness associated with this process
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated as 10 x 75th percentile long-term average exposure to allow for the uncertainty in the estimate of shift mean exposure
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile long-term exposure for entirely enclosed process,. Based on expert judgement in the absence of measurement data, the exposure estimates take account of the clean room standards of cleanliness associated with this process
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated as 10 x 75th percentile long-term average exposure to allow for the uncertainty in the estimate of shift mean exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated for specialist clean room, no direct dermal contact with Ni, the dermal exposure was estimated as being close to the limit of detection
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 14: Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelletisation, granulation
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 25: Other hot work operations with metals
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Product category used:
- PC 14: Metal surface treatment products
- Sector of end use:
- SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 27a: Production of metal powders (hot processes)
- Product category used:
- PC 0: Other: Not relevant
- Sector of end use:
- SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
Uses at industrial sites
- Registration/ Notification status for the use:
- use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported <10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Name of activity / technique:
- set to equipment
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- PROC 19: Hand-mixing with intimate contact and only PPE available.
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- cutting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- welding
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 25: Other hot work operations with metals
- Name of activity / technique:
- undercutting an edge
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- product removal, transfer
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
- SU 16: Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products, electrical equipment
- SU 17: General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
Uses at industrial sites
- Registration/ Notification status for the use:
- use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of nickel-containing integrated steel and iron - FW direct_D=10
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of nickel-containing integrated steel and iron - FW direct_D=100
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of nickel-containing integrated steel and iron - marine
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Name of activity / technique:
- Handling of dusty raw materials
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Handling of massive raw materials
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Smelting, melting and casting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Rolling, milling or forging
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Grinding
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Annealing and pickling
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- Welding
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 25: Other hot work operations with metals
- Name of activity / technique:
- Low energy handling of massive objects
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Packaging, shipping and storage
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Wet cleaning
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Name of activity / technique:
- Cleaning/removal of dust
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Uses at industrial sites
- Registration/ Notification status for the use:
- use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 25: Other hot work operations with metals
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC6b: Use of reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Product category used:
- PC 0: Other: Not relevant
- Sector of end use:
- SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC 0: Other: Use of metals in plating emission fraction (release after RMM): air: 0.4%; water: 0.6% (Specific Environmental Release Categories (SPERC) for metals and metal compounds (Eurometaux, 2010))
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- Product category used:
- PC 14: Metal surface treatment products
- Sector of end use:
- SU 0: Other: no data
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workers
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- PROC 25: Other hot work operations with metals
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- PC 38: Welding and soldering products, flux products
- Sector of end use:
- SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
- SU 17: General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Name of activity / technique:
- Intermediate use of nickel metal for the manufacture of nickel salts - Direct discharge to fresh water
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC6a: Use of intermediate
- Name of activity / technique:
- Intermediate use of nickel metal for the manufacture of nickel salts - Direct discharge to marine water
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC6a: Use of intermediate
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Name of activity / technique:
- Handling of powders
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Handling of massive material
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Wet chemical reaction
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- Name of activity / technique:
- Control room operations
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- Wet cleaning
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Name of activity / technique:
- Cleaning/removal of dust
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Sector of end use:
- SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC6a: Use of intermediate
- Name of activity / technique:
- Production of Ni salts from Ni metal ES1 direct discharge
- Name of activity / technique:
- Production of Ni salts from Ni metal ES2 marine discharge
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Name of activity / technique:
- 11.1 Production of Ni salts from Ni metal
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 0: Other: Not relevant
- Sector of end use:
- SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
ContribScenEnvirWorkerRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimate of the 75th percentile long-term mean exposure based on expert judgements from limited measurement data discussed in the EU RAR (2008-2009) and information on exposures to Ni associated with powder handling in other sectors. Assumes LEV
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile of long-term average for powder handling. This allows for the extreme short term variability of exposure concentrations that is associated with handling powders.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimate of the 75th percentile long-term mean exposure based on expert judgements from limited measurement data discussed in the EU RAR (2008-2009) and information on exposures to Ni associated with powder handling in other sectors. Assumes LEV
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile of long-term average for powder handling. This allows for the extreme short term variability of exposure concentrations that is associated with handling powders.
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Uses at industrial sites
- Registration/ Notification status for the use:
- use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
- Name:
- Nickel Metal
- Type of composition:
- legal entity composition of the substance
- State / form:
- solid: particulate/powder
- Reference substance:
- Nickel Metal
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of nickel-containing special alloys
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Smelting, melting and casting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Annealing and pickling
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- Handling of massive raw materials
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Low energy handling of massive objects
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Packaging, shipping and storage
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Rolling, milling or forging
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Grinding
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Welding
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 25: Other hot work operations with metals
- Name of activity / technique:
- Handling of dusty raw materials
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Wet cleaning
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Name of activity / technique:
- Cleaning/removal of dust
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Reference
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC6a: Use of intermediate
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 27a: Production of metal powders (hot processes)
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 0: Other: not relevant
- Sector of end use:
- SU 0: Other: SU 3: Industrial Manufacturing
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 15: Use as laboratory reagent
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 14: Metal surface treatment products
- Sector of end use:
- SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC4: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC6a: Use of intermediate
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC6b: Use of reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Product category used:
- PC 0: Other: Not relevant
- Sector of end use:
- SU 8: Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products)
- SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 0: Other: Not relevant
- Sector of end use:
- SU 16: Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products, electrical equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Production of nickel-containing products (electronics) ES1 STP discharge
- Name of activity / technique:
- Production of nickel-containing products (electronics) ES2 marine discharge
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Name of activity / technique:
- 16.1 Raw material handling/powder handling
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Name of activity / technique:
- 16.2 Production and handling of finished product
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- Name of activity / technique:
- 16.3 Cleaning and maintenance
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 0: Other: Not relevant
- Sector of end use:
- SU 16: Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products, electrical equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
ContribScenEnvirWorkerRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- yes
- Application of site specific biological STP sludge on agricultural soil:
- yes
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- SpERC
- Remarks:
- SPERCs data for “Industrial use in metallic coating” are used (Eurometaux, 2012).
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- SpERC
- Remarks:
- SPERCs data for “Industrial use in metallic coating” are used (Eurometaux, 2012).
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- SpERC
- Remarks:
- SPERCs data for “Industrial use in metallic coating” are used (Eurometaux, 2012).
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- SpERC
- Remarks:
- SPERCs data for “Industrial use in metallic coating” are used (Eurometaux, 2012).
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
ContribScenWorkersRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile long-term estimate. A factor of 10 was used to take account of the extreme variability in exposure concentration through time that arises during powder handling operations.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile long-term estimate. A factor of 10 was used to take account of the extreme variability in exposure concentration through time that arises during powder handling operations.
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: No significant exposure is expected provided that firing process is enclosed. Estimate based on expert judgement in the absence of measurement data.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x long-term exposure estimate
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: No significant exposure is expected provided that firing process is enclosed. Estimate based on expert judgement in the absence of measurement data.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x long-term exposure estimate
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
Technical and organisational conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Long-term mean exposure for cleaning in areas where powder has been handled. Estimated as half of that associated with raw materials/powder handling, based on expert judgement
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x long-term exposure estimate. A factor of 10 was used to take account of the extreme variability in exposure concentration through time that arises during powder handling operations.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Long-term mean exposure for cleaning in areas where powder has been handled. Estimated as half of that associated with raw materials/powder handling, based on expert judgement
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x long-term exposure estimate. A factor of 10 was used to take account of the extreme variability in exposure concentration through time that arises during powder handling operations.
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC7: Use of functional fluid at industrial site
Contributing activity / technique for workers
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Product category used:
- PC 0: Other: Not relevant
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC7: Use of functional fluid at industrial site
- Name of activity / technique:
- Thin film deposition by evaporation technique
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Name of activity / technique:
- 22.1 Deposition of Nickel
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- 22.2 Cleaning and maintenance
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
ContribScenEnvirWorkerRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- SpERC
- Remarks:
- SPERCs data for “Industrial use: shaping” are used (Eurometaux, 2012).
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- SpERC
- Remarks:
- SPERCs data for “Industrial use: shaping” are used (Eurometaux, 2012).
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
ContribScenWorkersRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
Technical and organisational conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- dermal
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile longterm exposure based on expert judgement in the absence of measurement data, the exposure estimates take account of the clean room standards of cleanliness associated with this process
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated as 10 x 75th percentile long-term average exposure to allow for the uncertainty in the estimate of shift mean exposure
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile longterm exposure based on expert judgement in the absence of measurement data, the exposure estimates take account of the clean room standards of cleanliness associated with this process
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated as 10 x 75th percentile long-term average exposure to allow for the uncertainty in the estimate of shift mean exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated for specialist clean room, no direct dermal contact with Ni, the dermal exposure was estimated as being close to the limit of detection
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
Technical and organisational conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile longterm exposure based on expert judgement in the absence of measurement data, the exposure estimates take account of the clean room standards of cleanliness associated with this process
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated as 10 x 75th percentile long-term average exposure to allow for the uncertainty in the estimate of shift mean exposure
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile longterm exposure based on expert judgement in the absence of measurement data, the exposure estimates take account of the clean room standards of cleanliness associated with this process
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated as 10 x 75th percentile long-term average exposure to allow for the uncertainty in the estimate of shift mean exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated for specialist clean room, no direct dermal contact with Ni, the dermal exposure was estimated as being close to the limit of detection
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
Technical and organisational conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- dermal
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile longterm exposure based on expert judgement in the absence of measurement data, the exposure estimates take account of the clean room standards of cleanliness associated with this process
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated as 10 x 75th percentile long-term average exposure to allow for the uncertainty in the estimate of shift mean exposure
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile longterm exposure based on expert judgement in the absence of measurement data, the exposure estimates take account of the clean room standards of cleanliness associated with this process
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated as 10 x 75th percentile long-term average exposure to allow for the uncertainty in the estimate of shift mean exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated for specialist clean room, no direct dermal contact with Ni, the dermal exposure was estimated as being close to the limit of detection
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
Technical and organisational conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile longterm exposure based on expert judgement in the absence of measurement data, the exposure estimates take account of the clean room standards of cleanliness associated with this process
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated as 10 x 75th percentile long-term average exposure to allow for the uncertainty in the estimate of shift mean exposure
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile longterm exposure based on expert judgement in the absence of measurement data, the exposure estimates take account of the clean room standards of cleanliness associated with this process
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated as 10 x 75th percentile long-term average exposure to allow for the uncertainty in the estimate of shift mean exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated for specialist clean room, no direct dermal contact with Ni, the dermal exposure was estimated as being close to the limit of detection
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of nickel-containing carbon steel - FW direct_D=10
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of nickel-containing carbon steel - FW direct_D=100
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of nickel-containing carbon steel - marine
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Name of activity / technique:
- Handling of dusty raw materials
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Handling of massive raw materials
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Smelting, melting and casting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Rolling, milling or forging
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Grinding
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Annealing and pickling
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- Welding
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 25: Other hot work operations with metals
- Name of activity / technique:
- Low energy handling of massive objects
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Packaging, shipping and storage
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Wet cleaning
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Name of activity / technique:
- Cleaning/removal of dust
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Uses at industrial sites
- Registration/ Notification status for the use:
- use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported <10tonnes/year per registrant
- Name:
- Nickel
- Type of composition:
- legal entity composition of the substance
- State / form:
- other: solid (bulk): substance in alloy
- Reference substance:
- Nickel
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of nickel metal and nickel containing alloys for the production of steel and other alloys powder by atomisation - FW STP
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of nickel metal and nickel containing alloys for the production of steel and other alloys powder by atomisation - FW direct
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of nickel metal and nickel containing alloys for the production of steel and other alloys powder by atomisation - marine
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Handling of dusty raw materials
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Handling of massive raw materials
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Melting, casting and tapping
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Atomisation
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 27a: Production of metal powders (hot processes)
- Name of activity / technique:
- Powder handling and packaging
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Powder pressing
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- Wet cleaning
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Name of activity / technique:
- Cleaning/removal of dust
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
Reference
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Manufacturing of batteries using positive nickel electrodes ES1 STP discharge
- Name of activity / technique:
- Manufacturing of batteries using positive nickel electrodes ES2 direct discharge
- Name of activity / technique:
- Manufacturing of batteries using positive nickel electrodes ES3 marine discharge
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 14: Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelletisation, granulation
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Name of activity / technique:
- 12.1 Raw material handling
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Name of activity / technique:
- 12.2 Manufacture of NiSO4 solution
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Name of activity / technique:
- 12.3 Electroplating
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- 12.4 Manufacture of nickel nitrate solution
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Name of activity / technique:
- 12.5 Preparation of the nickel sintered strip
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- 12.6 Cleaning and maintenance
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 0: Other: Battery products
- Sector of end use:
- SU 16: Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products, electrical equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
ContribScenEnvirWorkerRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- yes
- Application of site specific biological STP sludge on agricultural soil:
- yes
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
ContribScenWorkersRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- inhalation
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- dermal
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: this operation is not of long-term duration
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Higher of two measurements for unbagging NiSO46H2O
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: This operation is not ofl ong-term duration
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Higher of two measurements for unbagging NiSO46H2O
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3x long-term inhalation exposure estimate
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3x long-term inhalation exposure estimate
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3x long term exposure estimate
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3x long term exposure estimate
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3x long term exposure measurement
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3x long term exposure measurement
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3x long term exposure estimate
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3x long term exposure estimate
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Read across based on 3 measurements from the catalyst industry, corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no RPE is used the long-term exposure estimate is 0.342
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3x long term exposure estimate corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no RPE is used, the acute exposure estimate is 1.02, which is lower than the acute DNEL
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Read across based on 3 measurements from the catalyst industry, corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no RPE is used the long-term exposure estimate is 0.342
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3x long term exposure estimate corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no RPE is used, the acute exposure estimate is 1.02, which is lower than the acute DNEL
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Metal surface treatment – nickel electroplating and nickel electroforming ES1 STP discharge
- Name of activity / technique:
- Metal surface treatment – nickel electroplating and nickel electroforming ES2 direct discharge
- Name of activity / technique:
- Metal surface treatment – nickel electroplating and nickel electroforming ES3 marine discharge
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 15: Use as laboratory reagent
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Name of activity / technique:
- 10.1 Surface finishing operations
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- PROC 15: Use as laboratory reagent
- Name of activity / technique:
- 10.2 Cleaning and maintenance
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 14: Metal surface treatment products
- Sector of end use:
- SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
ContribScenEnvirWorkerRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- yes
- Application of site specific biological STP sludge on agricultural soil:
- yes
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
ContribScenWorkersRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
Technical and organisational conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Read-across (75th percentile exposure estimate) from GES 2: Nickel sulphamate in metal surface treatment: nickel electroplating, nickel electroforming, electroless nickel plating for Ni(SO3.NH2)2, CES 2.1, 2015 update
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x estimated long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Read-across (75th percentile exposure estimate) from GES 2: Nickel sulphamate in metal surface treatment: nickel electroplating, nickel electroforming, electroless nickel plating for Ni(SO3.NH2)2, CES 2.1, 2015 update
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x estimated long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Read-across as 90th percentile for insoluble nickel (all parts of the body) GES 3: Electrolytic refining of Ni matte via a nickel sulphate solution for Ni metal production, CES 3.3 cutting & packing, 2010
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
Technical and organisational conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Read-across from (90th percentile MEASE modelling) Ni sulphate GES 4: metal surface treatment (2015 update) corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no RPE is used, the long term exposure estimate is 0.57.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x estimated long-term exposure, corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no RPE is used, the acute exposure is 1.71
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Read-across from (90th percentile MEASE modelling) Ni sulphate GES 4: metal surface treatment (2015 update) corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no RPE is used, the long term exposure estimate is 0.57.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x estimated long-term exposure, corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no RPE is used, the acute exposure is 1.026
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 25: Other hot work operations with metals
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Uses at industrial sites
- Registration/ Notification status for the use:
- use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported <10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workers
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- PROC 25: Other hot work operations with metals
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- PC 38: Welding and soldering products, flux products
- Sector of end use:
- SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
- SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
- SU 24: Scientific research and development
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC 0: Other: Use of metal emission fraction (release after RMM): air: 0.08%; water: 0.01% (Specific Environmental Release Categories (SPERC) for metals and metal compounds (Eurometaux, 2010))
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Product category used:
- PC 0: Other: no data
- Sector of end use:
- SU 0: Other: no data
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of brazing alloys ES1 STP discharge
- Name of activity / technique:
- Use of brazing alloys ES2 marine discharge
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- 18.1 Use of brazing alloys
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
ContribScenEnvirWorkerRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- yes
- Application of site specific biological STP sludge on agricultural soil:
- yes
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- ERC
- Remarks:
- ERC 8c, f
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- ERC
- Remarks:
- ERC 8c, f
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- ERC
- Remarks:
- ERC 8c, f
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- ERC
- Remarks:
- ERC 8c, f
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
Technical and organisational conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile shift mean concentration for manual operations based on professional judgement taking account of measurement data for alloy production which employs some similar processes and may give rise to similar levels of exposure.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile shift mean concentration for manual operations based on professional judgement taking account of measurement data for alloy production which employs some similar processes and may give rise to similar levels of exposure.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile shift mean concentration for manual operations based on professional judgement taking account of measurement data for alloy production which employs some similar processes and may give rise to similar levels of exposure.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated 75th percentile shift mean concentration for manual operations based on professional judgement taking account of measurement data for alloy production which employs some similar processes and may give rise to similar levels of exposure.
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC 0: Other: Use of metal emission fraction (release after RMM): air: 0.08%; water: 0.01% (Specific Environmental Release Categories (SPERC) for metals and metal compounds (Eurometaux, 2010))
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC 0: Other: Use of metal; emission fraction (release after RMM): air: 0.08 %; water: 0.01 % (Specific Environmental Release Categories (SPERC) for metals and metal compounds (Eurometaux, 2010))
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC4: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 7: Industrial spraying
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 11: Non industrial spraying
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Production of magnets (powder use) ES1 STP discharge
- Name of activity / technique:
- Production of magnets (powder use) ES2 direct discharge
- Name of activity / technique:
- Production of magnets (powder use) ES3 marine discharge
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 14: Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelletisation, granulation
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Name of activity / technique:
- 15.1 Raw material handling (nickel powder and granules)
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Name of activity / technique:
- 15.2 Mixing and blending (nickel powder)
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- Name of activity / technique:
- 15.3 Compacting and Pressing
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 14: Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelletisation, granulation
- Name of activity / technique:
- 15.4 Smelting and sintering
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- 15.5 Processing of cast product
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- 15.6 Packing
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- 15.7 Cleaning and maintenance
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
ContribScenEnvirWorkerRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- yes
- Application of site specific biological STP sludge on agricultural soil:
- yes
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Other conditions affecting environmental exposure
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
ReleaseEnvirRepopen allclose all
- Release from the site to::
- surface water
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Release to external waste
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
ContribScenWorkersRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
Technical and organisational conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimate of the 75th percentile long-term exposure assuming LEV; derived using data from powder metallurgy sector corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no APF is applied to the long-term value, the long-term exposure value is 0.1.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile of longterm average for weighing and mixing; allows for temporal variability during dusty tasks. corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF N/A). If no APF is applied to the acute value, the acute value is 1.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimate of the 75th percentile long-term exposure assuming LEV; derived using data from powder metallurgy sector corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no APF is applied to the long-term value, the long-term exposure value is 0.1.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile of longterm average for weighing and mixing; allows for temporal variability during dusty tasks. corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF N/A). If no APF is applied to the acute value, the acute value is 1.
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x long-term exposure estimate. A factor of 10 allows for the variability in exposure concentration through time that would be expected to arise as a result of the intermittent nature of the more dusty tasks involved in the initial stages of weighing an
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x long-term exposure estimate. A factor of 10 allows for the variability in exposure concentration through time that would be expected to arise as a result of the intermittent nature of the more dusty tasks involved in the initial stages of weighing an
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x long-term exposure estimate. A factor of 10 allows for the variability in exposure concentration through time that would be expected to arise as a result of the intermittent nature of the more dusty tasks involved in the initial stages of weighing an
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x long-term exposure estimate. A factor of 10 allows for the variability in exposure concentration through time that would be expected to arise as a result of the intermittent nature of the more dusty tasks involved in the initial stages of weighing an
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- MEASE
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated for furnace loading partly or wholly automated. This estimate was derived using data from powder metallurgy sector described in EU RAR (2008- 2009), and limited data from the magnet sector.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile longterm exposure estimate for furnace loading. A factor of 10 allows for the variability in exposure concentration through time that would be expected to arise as a result of the intermittent nature of the more dusty tasks involved i
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated for furnace loading partly or wholly automated. This estimate was derived using data from powder metallurgy sector described in EU RAR (2008- 2009), and limited data from the magnet sector.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile longterm exposure estimate for furnace loading. A factor of 10 allows for the variability in exposure concentration through time that would be expected to arise as a result of the intermittent nature of the more dusty tasks involved i
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated for automation and enclosure of grinding. This estimate was derived using data from powder metallurgy sector described in EU RAR (2008-2009), and limited data from the magnet sector.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile of longterm average for processing of cast product. A factor of 10 allows for the variability in exposure concentration through time that would be expected to arise as a result of the intermittent nature of the more dusty tasks involv
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimated for automation and enclosure of grinding. This estimate was derived using data from powder metallurgy sector described in EU RAR (2008-2009), and limited data from the magnet sector.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile of longterm average for processing of cast product. A factor of 10 allows for the variability in exposure concentration through time that would be expected to arise as a result of the intermittent nature of the more dusty tasks involv
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- dermal
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimate based on expert judgment and low dustiness of product
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile of longterm average for packing. A factor of 10 allows for the variability in exposure concentration through time that would be expected to arise as a result of the intermittent nature of the more dusty tasks involved
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimate based on expert judgment and low dustiness of product
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile of longterm average for packing. A factor of 10 allows for the variability in exposure concentration through time that would be expected to arise as a result of the intermittent nature of the more dusty tasks involved
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
Technical and organisational conditions
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
OtherCondRepopen allclose all
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimate based on low dustiness of process residues. This estimate was derived using expert judgment and limited data from the magnet sector.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile of longterm average for Cleaning and Maintenance. A factor of 10 allows for the variability in exposure concentration through time that would be expected to arise as a result of the intermittent nature of the more dusty tasks involved
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Estimate based on low dustiness of process residues. This estimate was derived using expert judgment and limited data from the magnet sector.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 10 x 75th percentile of longterm average for Cleaning and Maintenance. A factor of 10 allows for the variability in exposure concentration through time that would be expected to arise as a result of the intermittent nature of the more dusty tasks involved
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- measured data
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC12a: Processing of articles at industrial sites with low release
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC12b: Processing of articles at industrial sites with high release
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 0: Other: Not reported
- Sector of end use:
- SU 0: Other: SU3: Industrial manufacturing
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 25: Other hot work operations with metals
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Uses at industrial sites
- Registration/ Notification status for the use:
- use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Name of activity / technique:
- Raw material handling
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Powder finishing - crushing, milling and sieving
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- Powder handling
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Name of activity / technique:
- Powder pressing
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 14: Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelletisation, granulation
- Name of activity / technique:
- Sintering
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- Post-sintering operations
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- Wet cleaning
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Name of activity / technique:
- Cleaning/removal of dust
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC28: Manual maintenance (cleaning and repair) of machinery
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 17: General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC 0: Other: Formulation of massive metal or metal powder in alloys emission fraction (release after RMM): air: 0.007 %; water: 0.003 % (Specific Environmental Release Categories (SPERC) for metal and metal compounds (Eurometaux, 2010))
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
- Product category used:
- PC 38: Welding and soldering products, flux products
- Sector of end use:
- SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC12a: Processing of articles at industrial sites with low release
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC12b: Processing of articles at industrial sites with high release
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC 0: Other: Formulation of massive metal or metal powder in alloys emission fraction (release after RMM): air: 0.007%; water: 0.003% (Specific Environmental Release Categories (SPERC) for metals and metal compounds (Eurometaux, 2010))
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 23: Open processing and transfer operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 25: Other hot work operations with metals
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 7: Base metals and alloys
- Sector of end use:
- SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- yes
Uses at industrial sites
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
- Environmental release category (ERC):
- ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
- Name of activity / technique:
- Powder metallurgy: use of powder ES1 Only air emissions
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 14: Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelletisation, granulation
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 27a: Production of metal powders (hot processes)
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Name of activity / technique:
- 9.1 Raw materials handling
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- Name of activity / technique:
- 9.2 Powder preparation - Furnacing and atomisation
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- PROC 27a: Production of metal powders (hot processes)
- Name of activity / technique:
- 9.3. Powder finishing - crushing, milling and sieving
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 24: High (mechanical) energy work-up of substances bound in materials and/or articles
- Name of activity / technique:
- 9.4. Powder blending and packaging
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
- Name of activity / technique:
- 9.5. DSU powder mixing
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
- PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
- Name of activity / technique:
- 9.6 Powder pressing
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
- PROC 14: Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelletisation, granulation
- Name of activity / technique:
- 9.7a: Continuous sintering
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- 9.7b: Batch sintering
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- 9.8: Injection moulding
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 14: Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelletisation, granulation
- Name of activity / technique:
- 9.9: Post-sintering operations
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 22: Potentially closed processing operations with minerals/metals at elevated temperature. Industrial setting
- Name of activity / technique:
- 9.10: Cleaning and maintenance
- Process category (PROC):
- PROC 0: Other: Cleaning and maintenance
- Product category used:
- PC 0: Other: Other uses
- Sector of end use:
- SU 17: General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment
- Substance supplied to that use in form of:
- as such
- in a mixture
- Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
- no
- Related assessment:
- use assessed in a joint CSR
Contributing scenario for the environment (related to workers activities)
Conditions of use for the environment
Amounts used, frequency and duration of use (or from service life)
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- water
Effectiveness
- Route affected:
- air
Conditions and measures related to Biological Sewage Treatment Plant
- Biological Sewage Treatment Plant (STP):
- no
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste (including article waste)
Other conditions of use
Releases to waste and the environment
Release to the environment
- Release from the site to::
- ambient air
- Release estimation method:
- estimated release factor
Exposure of the environment
PECopen allclose all
- Exposed compartment:
- freshwater
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- marine water
- Exposed compartment:
- sediment (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (freshwater)
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- top predators' prey (marine water)
- Exposed compartment:
- sewage treatment plant
- Exposed compartment:
- agricultural soil
- Exposure estimation method:
- exposure estimation tool
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- EUSES
- Exposed compartment:
- predators' prey (terrestrial)
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: The methodology applied to assess secondary poisoning is extracted from the EU RA for Nickel (2008-2009). A detailed report on the methodology used to derive the PNECoral and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) are provided in Appendix D3 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: Calculations according to the methodology defined in the EU RA for Nickel.
- Exposed compartment:
- air
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Median value. An assessment of predicted level of compliance for this sector on site-specific measured or predicted exposures is provided in Section 5 of Appendix D5 of the CSR.
- Exposure estimation tool name:
- other: EUSES, GPM, IFDM air model
ContribScenWorkersRepopen allclose all
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 90th percentile value from MEASE modelling, corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no APF is applied to the long-term value, the long-term exposure value is 0.65.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x the long-term exposure estimate corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no APF is applied to the acute value, the acute value is 1.95.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 90th percentile value from MEASE modelling corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no APF is applied to the long-term value, the long-term exposure value is 0.65.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (external) short-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 3 x the long-term exposure estimate corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no APF is applied to the acute value, the acute value is 1.95.
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) long-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (internal) short-term exposure
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: Read across 90th percentile for personal exposure measurement (over hands & arms) reported for an analogous raw material handling operation in electrolytic Ni refining
- Type of exposure:
- dermal (external) short-term exposure
Contributing scenario for the workers
Conditions of use for workers
Product (article) characteristics
Other product (article) characteristics
Amounts used (or contained in articles), frequency and duration of use/exposure
Other conditions
Technical and organisational conditions and measures
TechCondRepopen allclose all
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
PPERepopen allclose all
Other conditions affecting workers exposure
Other conditions of use
Exposure of workers
ExpEstopen allclose all
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) long-term exposure
- Exposure estimation method:
- other: 90th percentile value from MEASE modelling, corrected to take into account the use of RPE (APF 20). If no APF is applied to the long-term value, the long-term exposure value is 0.65.
- Type of exposure:
- inhalation (internal) short-term exposure
- Exposure est