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EC number: 293-625-5 | CAS number: 91081-22-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
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- Auto flammability
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- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
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- Endpoint summary
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- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: dermal
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: GLP-Study conducted according to guideline protocol tested with the hydrolysis product CAS 102-71-6.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 999
- Report date:
- 1999
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 411 (Subchronic Dermal Toxicity: 90-Day Study)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Specifications for the Conduct of Studies to Evaluate the Toxic and Carcinogenic Potential of Chemical, Biological, and Physical Agents in Laboratory Animals for the National Toxicology Program (NTP) October 2006
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 2,2',2''-nitrilotriethanol
- EC Number:
- 203-049-8
- EC Name:
- 2,2',2''-nitrilotriethanol
- Cas Number:
- 102-71-6
- IUPAC Name:
- 2,2',2''-nitrilotriethanol
- Test material form:
- other: liquid
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Triethanolamine
- Physical state: clear, colorless, viscous liquid
- Analytical purity: 99%
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): <0.5% water; <.4% primary or secondary amines
- Lot/batch No.: Lot 3B-1-84
- Storage condition of test material: Neat chemical stored at room temperature; triethanolamine:acetone mixtures stored at 5E C, protected from light
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Fischer 344
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Simonsen Laboratories (Gilroy, CA)
- Age at study initiation: 6 weeks old
- Weight at study initiation: mean 98 g (males), 84 g (females)
- Housing: individually in Polycarbonate (Lab Products, Inc., Garfield, NJ), changed weekly, with bedding of Beta-Chips® hardwood chips (Northeastern Products, Inc., Warrensburg, NY), changed weekly
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): NIH-07 open formula pelleted diet (Zeigler Brothers, Inc.,Gardners, PA), available ad libitum, changed weekly
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Tap water (City of Columbus municipal supply) via automatic watering system (Edstrom Industries, Waterford, WI), available
ad libitum
- Acclimatization: 11 to 14 da
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19.4 - 23.9
- Humidity (%): 35 - 65
- Air changes (per hr): 15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 / 12
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 30 June 1986 To:14 November 1986
Administration / exposure
- Type of coverage:
- open
- Vehicle:
- acetone
- Details on exposure:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: area extending from the animal’s mid-back to the dorsal intrascapular region
- Time intervals for shavings or clipplings: clipped weekly
TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): if the dose volume exceeded 320 μL, half the total volume was administered in the morning and the
remainder was administered in the afternoon
- Concentration (if solution): 0, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg bw
- Constant volume or concentration used: yes
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): Acetone is miscible with triethanolamine and because acetone rapidly evaporates.
USE OF RESTRAINERS FOR PREVENTING INGESTION: no - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The dose formulations were prepared once every 2 weeks and were stored at 5°C in amber glass bottles under a nitrogen head space, protected from light, for up to 3 weeks. Stability studies of the dermal dose formulations were performed by the analytical chemistry laboratory; stability was confirmed for at least 3 weeks at room temperature in sealed glass vials, under a nitrogen head space, in the dark and for at least 3 hours under animal room conditions (open to air and light).
The dose formulations were analyzed at the beginning, midpoint, and end of the studies with gas chromatography. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 13 weeks
- Frequency of treatment:
- daily, 5 days/week
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
125, 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg bw
Basis:
nominal per unit body weight
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: Based on a 14-a nd 16-day study, where skin irritation was observed with higher doses.
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: twice daily;
- Cage side observations checked in table were included.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: weekly
DERMAL IRRITATION (if dermal study): Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: weekly
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: initially, weekly, and at the end of the study
FOOD CONSUMPTION:
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: No
FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No
WATER CONSUMPTION: No
- Time schedule for examinations:
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: at days 4 ± 1 and 21 ± 2
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No data
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: All
- Parameters examined: hematocrit; hemoglobin concentration; erythrocyte, reticulocyte, and nucleated erythrocyte counts; mean cell volume; mean cell hemoglobin; mean cell hemoglobin concentration; platelet count; and total leukocyte count and differentials
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yesa
- Time schedule for collection of blood: at days 4 ± 1 and 21 ± 2
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: All
- Parameters examined: urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase
URINALYSIS: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of urine: overnight (16 hours) from clinical pathology group rats during weeks 1, 3, 7, and 13 and from clinical pathology group mice during weeks 7 and 12.
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: No data
- Animals fasted: No data
- Parameters examined: glucose, protein, volume, and specific gravity
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes
Complete histopathology was performed on core study rats in the vehicle control and 2,000 mg/kg groups and mice in the vehicle control and 4,000 mg/kg groups. In addition to gross lesions and tissue masses, the tissues examined included: adrenal gland, bone and marrow, brain, clitoral gland, epididymis, esophagus, gallbladder (mice), heart, kidney, large intestine (cecum, colon, and rectum), liver, lung, lymph nodes (mandibular and mesenteric), mammary gland, nose, ovary, pancreas, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, preputial gland, prostate gland, salivary gland, seminal vesicle, skin (lesions and unaffected skin from site of application; inguinal skin), small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), spinal cord and sciatic nerve (if neurologic signs were present), spleen, stomach (forestomach and glandular stomach), testis, thymus, thyroid gland, trachea, urinary bladder, uterus, and vagina (females in vaginal cytology studies only). Additionally, the kidney of female rats, pituitary gland of male and female rats, and skin (site of application) of male and female rats and mice in the lower exposure groups were examined until a no-effect level was reached. - Other examinations:
- Sperm Morphology and Vaginal Cytology Evaluations:
Rats in the 0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg groups and mice in the 0, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 mg/kg groups were evaluated.
Sperm samples were collected at the end of the studies and evaluated for sperm count, motility, and morphology. The right cauda, epididymis, and testis were weighed.
Vaginal samples were collected for 7 consecutive days before the end of the studies and evaluated for the relative frequency of estrous stages and for
estrous cycle length. - Statistics:
- The probability of survival was estimated by the product-limit procedure of Kaplan and Meier (1958) and is presented in the form of graphs. Animals found dead of other than natural causes or missexed were censored from the survival analyses; animals dying from natural causes were not censored. Statistical analyses for possible dose-related effects on survival used Cox’s (1972) method for testing two groups for equality and Tarone’s (1975) life table test to identify dose-related trends. All reported P values for the survival analyses are two sided.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Dermal irritation:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- signs of irritation, scaliness, crustiness and ulceration
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Reduced final mean body weights and weight gains of males and females in the 2,000 mg/kg groups
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- only minimal to mild changes in the high dose group with correlation to aobserved skin inflammation
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- minimal changes in males and females of the high dose groups
- Urinalysis findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- minimal changes in males and females of the high dose groups
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- increased kidney weights in males and females from 500/kg bw/d onwards: other weight changes are attributed to changed body weights
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- chronic inflammation at application sites
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Dosed females had greater incidences of nephropathy than did the vehicle controls
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY
No mortality occured during the study.
BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
Final mean body weights and weight gains of males and females in the 2000 mg/kg groups were significantly less than those of the vehicle controls; the mean body weight gain of females in the 1,000 mg/kg group was also significantly less than that of the vehicle controls.
HAEMATOLOGY
Mild increases in segmented neutrphil counts occurred in male and female rats in the 2000 mg/kg groups; in males, this change was accompanied by increased leukocyte and eosinophil counts. Minimal decreases occurred in mean red cell volume in male and female rats administered 2000 mg/kg and in hematocrit in females administered 2,000 mg/kg.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
Minimal increases in albumin and urea nitrogen concentrations occurred in females that received 2000 mg/kg. Serum aspartate aminotransferase
activities were mildly increased in male rats receiving 250 mg/kg or greater and in females receiving
2000 mg/kg. Serum alanine aminotransferase activity was minimally increased in males in the 1000 and 2000 mg/kg groups. The activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase, which is also liver specific, decreased minimally in females administered 500 or 1000 mg/kg.
URINALYSIS
Increased urine specific gravity in females in the 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg groups at weeks 7 (day 44) and 13 and in male rats in the 2000 mg/kg group at week 13. Urine protein excretion was decreased in males in the 2,000 mg/kg group on day 16, in males administered 500 mg/kg or greater at week 7, and in males in the 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg groups at week 13.
ORGAN WEIGHTS
No change in absolute liver weights. Kidney weights were generally greater in males and females administered 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg than in the vehicle controls.
GROSS PATHOLOGY
Lesions attributed to triethanolamine application included crust at the site of application for males and females administered 1000 or 2000 mg/kg. The compound-related skin lesions were chronic-active inflammation and acanthosis, which contained epidermal and dermal components. The epidermal component was characterized by acanthotic, hyperkeratotic, focally parakeratotic epidermis that occasionally contained rete pegs and was graded as acanthosis. Severely affected epidermis contained focal hemorrhage, fibrin and/or mineral deposits, bacterial colonies, serum pockets, pustules, erosions and/or ulcers. The dermal component in severely affected rats was characterized bydermal fibrosis, neocapillarization, minimally distorted adnexal organs, and variably severe mixed inflammatory infiltrates consisting of histiocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils
HISTOPATHOLOGY:
No microscopic evidence of hepatic injury. Dosed females had greater incidences of mineralization and nephropathy than did the vehicle controls. The incidences of hypertrophy of the pituitary gland pars intermedia were significantly greater in males and females in the 2000 mg/kg group than in the vehicle controls. However,as the severity of this lesion did not vary between dose groups, it was regarded as incidental.
OTHER FINDINGS
There were no biologically significant differences in sperm morphology or vaginal cytology parameters between dosed and vehicle control rats.
Effect levels
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- systemic
- Effect level:
- 125 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Increased relative liver weight
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- systemic
- Effect level:
- 500 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Increased relative liver weight
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- local
- Effect level:
- 125 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Acanthosis and chronic inflammation
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- local
- Effect level:
- 250 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Acanthosis and chronic inflammation
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Results:
1. Body weights:
Mean Body Weights (g) | Finale Weights Relative to Controls (%) | ||||
Dose (mg/kg) | Initial | Final | Change | ||
Male | 0 | 98 ± 2 | 296 ± 6 | 198 ± 6 | |
125 | 94 ± 2 | 279 ± 5 | 185 ± 5 | 94 | |
250 | 95 ± 2 | 279 ± 6 | 184 ± 5 | 94 | |
500 | 96 ± 2 | 288 ± 5 | 193 ± 5 | 97 | |
1000 | 98 ± 3 | 290 ± 10 | 192 ± 9 | 98 | |
2000 | 95 ± 3 | 252 ± 9** | 156 ± 8** | 85 | |
Female | 0 | 84 ± 2 | 176 ± 3 | 92 ± 3 | |
125 | 84 ± 2 | 171 ± 3 | 87 ± 2 | 97 | |
250 | 86 ± 2 | 175 ± 3 | 89 ± 2 | 100 | |
500 | 85 ± 2 | 173 ± 3 | 88 ± 3 | 98 | |
1000 | 87 ± 2 | 170 ± 3 | 83 ± 3* | 97 | |
2000 | 82 ± 1 | 156 ± 2** | 74 ± 2** | 89 |
* Significantly different (P≤0.05) from the vehicle control group by Williams’ or Dunnett’s test
** P≤0.01
2. Changes in Organ Weights and Organ-Weight-to-Body-Weight Ratios
0 mg/kg | 125 mg/kg | 250 mg/kg | 500 mg/kg | 1000 mg/kg | 2000 mg/kg | |||
Female | Necropsy body weight | 174 ± 4 | 170 ± 4 | 174 ± 4 | 174 ± 3 | 170 ± 3 | 158 ± 4** | |
Brain | Absolute | 1.748 ± 0.020 | 1.712 ± 0.023 | 1.754 ± 0.014 | 1.159 ± 0.024 | 1.761 ± 0.022 | 1.770 ± 0.013 | |
Relative | 10.14 ± 0.35 | 10.17 ± 0.33 | 10.14 ± 0.23 | 10.11 ± 0.12 | 10.35 ± 0.14 | 11.27 ± 0.19** | ||
Kidney | Absolute | 0.744 ± 0.017 | 0.745 ± 0.017 | 0.758 ± 0.019 | 0.810 ± 0.015* | 0.847 ± 0.019** | 0.891 ± 0.019** | |
Relative | 4.31 ± 0.14 | 4.41 ± 0.11 | 4.37 ± 0.08 | 4.66 ± 0.08* | 4.98 ± 0.12** | 5.67 ± 0.15** | ||
Liver | Absolute | 6.982 ± 0.290 | 6.860 ± 0.188 | 7.154 ± 0.222 | 7.340 ± 0.289 | 7.483 ± 0.342 | 7.067 ± 0.272 | |
Relative | 40.28 ± 1.52 | 40.52 ± 0.71 | 41.15 ± 0.68 | 42.10 ± 1.37 | 43.88 ± 1.76 | 44.96 ± 1.64* | ||
Spleen | Absolute | 0.468 ± 0.010 | 0.461 ± 0.010 | 0.462 ± 0.009 | 0.456 ± 0.011 | 0.461 ± 0.013 | 0.427 ± 0.009* | |
Relative | 2.71 ± 0.08 | 2.73 ± 0.08 | 2.67 ± 0.03 | 2.62 ± 0.04 | 2.71 ± 0.09 | 2.72 ± 0.07 | ||
Male | Necropsy body weight | 299 ± 6 | 284 ± 7 | 286 ± 6 | 287 ± 7 | 295 ± 11 | 248 ± 11** | |
Brain | Absolute | 1.911 ± 0.021 | 1.867 ± 0.021 | 1.868 ± 0.019 | 1.900 ± 0.011 | 1.919 ± 0.018 | 1.880 ± 0.030 | |
Relative | 6.41 ± 0.11 | 6.60 ± 0.15 | 6.55 ± 0.12 | 6.65 ± 0.18 | 6.58 ± 0.19 | 7.74 ± 0.39** | ||
Kidney | Absolute | 1.187 ± 0.025 | 1.134 ± 0.026 | 1.188 ± 0.031 | 1.264 ± 0.028 | 1.366 ± 0.039** | 1.366 ± 0.051** | |
Relative | 3.97 ± 0.05 | 4.00 ± 0.06 | 4.16 ± 0.06 | 4.41 ± 0.06* | 4.65 ± 0.09** | 5.58 ± 0.24** | ||
Liver | Absolute | 13.949 ± 0.446 | 12.404 ± 0.4463 | 13.418 ± 0.693 | 15.174 ± 0.382 | 15.516 ± 0.421 | 12.517 ± 0.405 | |
Relative | 46.58 ± 0.86 | 43.68 ± 1.14 | 46.73 ± 1.61 | 53.12 ± 1.90* | 52.92 ± 1.05* | 51.18 ± 2.14* | ||
Spleen | Absolute | 0.666 ± 0.016 | 0.646 ± 0.013 | 0.626 ± 0.009 | 0.666 ± 0.013 | 0.690 ± 0.028 | 0.612 ± 0.024 | |
Relative | 2.23 ± 0.03 | 2.28 ± 0.05 | 2.19 ± 0.04 | 2.33 ± 0.05 | 2.34 ± 0.03 | 2.50 ± 0.11* |
Organ weights (absolute weights) and body weights are given in grams; organ-weight-to-body-weight ratios (relative weights) are given as mg organ weight/
g body weight (mean ± standard error).
* Significantly different (P≤0.05) from the vehicle control group by Williams’ or Dunnett’s test
** P≤0.01
3. Incidences of Selected Nonneoplastic Lesions
0 mg/kg | 125 mg/kg | 250 mg/kg | 500 mg/kg | 1000 mg/kg | 2000 mg/kg | ||
Male | Skin, Site of Application (a) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Acanthosis (b) | 0 | 0 | 6** (1.2)c | 9**(1.2) | 10**(2.0) | 10**(3.5) | |
Inflammation, Chronic Active | 0 | 0 | 2 (1.5) | 2 (2.0) | 10**(2.7) | 10**(4.0) | |
Pituitary Gland, Pars Intermedia | 9 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | |
Hypertrophy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5**(1.0) | |
Female | Skin, Site of Application (a) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Acanthosis (b) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4*(1.3) | 8**(1.6) | 10**(2.8) | |
Inflammation, Chronic Active | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.0) | 5*(2.6) | 10**(3.9) | |
Kidney, Renal Tubule | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
Regeneration (Nephropathy) | 2(1.0) | 3(1.0) | 5(1.0) | 7*(1.0) | 10**(1.4) | 8*(1.4) | |
Mineralization | 3(1.0) | 9**(1.1) | 6(1.0) | 7(1.6) | 9**(1.9) | 9**(1.4) | |
Pituitary Gland, Pars Intermedia | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 9 | |
Hypertrophy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1(1.0) | 9**(1.7) |
* Significantly different (P≤0.05) from the vehicle control group by Williams’ or Dunnett’s test
** P≤0.01
(a) Number of animals with organ examined microscopically
(b) Number of animals with lesion
(c) Average severity of lesions in affected rats: 1=minimal; 2=mild; 3=moderate; 4=marked
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Executive summary:
Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were topically administered 0, 125, 250, 500, or 1000 mg triethanolamine per kilogram body weight in acetone or 2000 mg/kg neat triethanolamine, 5 days per week, for 13 weeks. All rats survived to the end of the study. Final mean body weights and weight gains of males and females administered 2000 mg/kg and the mean body weight gain of females administered 1000 mg/kg were significantly less than those of the vehicle controls. Clinical observations included irritation, scaliness, and crustiness of the skin at the site of application for males and females. Males also had discoloration, and two males administered 2000 mg/kg had ulceration at the site of application. Changes in clinical pathology parameters were minor and consistent with inflammation at the site of application.
Kidney weights were generally greater in males and females administered 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg than in the vehicle controls. Microscopic lesions attributed to triethanolamine administration included acanthosis and inflammation at the site of application, nephropathy in females, and hypertrophy of the pituitary gland pars intermedia in males and females. The NOEL for systemic effects were found to be 500 mg/kg bw/d for females and 125 mg/kg bw/d for males, respectively.
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