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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 278-934-5 | CAS number: 78521-39-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 7 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 176 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
A fully reliable toxicity study is available for oral route of administration (OECD Guideline 408 (Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents). Appropriate species and dosage were used in this study. 100 mg ASC plus/kg bw. per day can be defined as "No Observed Adverse Effect Level" (NOAEL) for the systemic (and reproduction-developmental) toxicity. Even if an inhalative exposure may occur the most suitable way to determine the systemic toxicity of a solid test substance is normally the oral administration. Additionally the experiences with inhalative administration of dusts of solid substances, i. e. drugs, to humans revealed that such an inhalative exposure leads to a mainly oral ingestion of the substances. This is especially true for ASC plus as (1) the substance is marketed as part of a mixture with water, (2) its very very low vapour pressure and (3) as the measurement of the particle size distribution revealed, that the mean particle size (of the marketed form) is relatively high with only 6 % of the particles < 2 µm representing the small respirable fraction fraction. In consequence an inhalative exposure will result in an oral uptake of nearly 100 % of the administered dosage. The Dose descriptor starting point was derived as follows: NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw. x 1/0.38 m3/kg/bw x 6.7 m3 / 10 m3 /person = 176 mg/m3 (according to REACH ECHA GD, Example R. 8-2 Workers (Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health).
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- No effects were observed after oral administration to rats of dosages up to and including 100 mg/kg bw..
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- DNEL based on a fully reliable toxicological study with oral administration of the test article to rats in a 90 day Repeated Dose Toxicity Study (OECD 408).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- According to ECHA guidance no assessment factor used for inhalation route.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- "Remaining differences"
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Standard factor according to ECHA REACH guidance.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- A fully reliable study is used for the derivation of the hazard via oral route.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- A fully reliable study is used for the derivation of the hazard via oral route.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 282 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 12.5
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 3 526 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The Dose descriptor starting point was derived as follows: LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw. x 1/0.38 m3/kg/bw x 6.7 m3 / 10 m3 /person =3526 mg/m3 (according to REACH ECHA GD, Example R. 8-2 Workers (Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health).
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- No higher factor applicable because no effects were observed up to the highest dose.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- AF not used for inhalation route
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- "Remaining differences"
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Standard factor for worker according to ECHA REACH guidance.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- A fully reliable study available.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- AF based on a fully reliable acute oral toxicity study with rats.
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
A reliable oral OECD Guideline 408 (Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents) study in rats is available. Appropriate species and dosage were used in this study. No effects were observed after oral administration to rats of dosages up to and including 100 mg/kg bw. Additionally an acute dermal toxicity study revealed no effects up to and including dosages of 2000 mg/kg bw. It is assumed that the resorption after dermal application is similar to the resorption after oral administration.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- No effects were observed after oral administration to rats of dosages up to and including 100 mg/kg bw..
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- DNEL based on a fully reliable toxicological study with oral administration of the test article to rats in a 90 day Repeated Dose Study (OECD 408).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- According to ECHA guidance a factor of 4 is used for allometric scaling from rat to human.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- "Remaining differences"
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Standard factor for worker according to ECHA REACH guidance.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- A fully reliable study available.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- A fully reliable study available.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 40 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Dermal
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 50
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- no route-to-route extrapolation necessary
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- No higher factor applicable because no effects were observed up to the highest dose.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- According to ECHA guidance a factor of 4 is used for allometric scaling from rat to human.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- "Remaining differences"
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Standard factor for worker according to ECHA REACH guidance.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- A fully reliable acute dermal toxicity study available.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- A fully reliable acute dermal toxicity study available.
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.9 mg/cm²
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 12.5
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- other: NOAEL
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- No higher factor applicable because no effects were observed up to the highest dose.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- AF for allometric scaling of 1, " ... since local effects are independent of the basal metabolic rate, allometric scaling should not be applied (allometric scaling factor of 1)" (ECHA REACH Guidance Chapter R8)
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- "Remaining differences"
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Standard factor for worker according to ECHA REACH guidance.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- AF based on a fully reliable acute dermal toxicity study with rats.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- AF based on a fully reliable acute dermal toxicity study with rats.
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - workers
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - General Population
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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