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EC number: 200-441-0 | CAS number: 59-67-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Report date:
- 1992
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.31 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: U.s. Food and Drug Administration (1964) Redbook
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Life Science Research Ltd
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Nicotinic acid
- EC Number:
- 200-441-0
- EC Name:
- Nicotinic acid
- Cas Number:
- 59-67-6
- Molecular formula:
- C6H5NO2
- IUPAC Name:
- nicotinic acid
- Test material form:
- solid: crystalline
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material: Nicotinic acid
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Age at study initiation: 10 to 11 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: 222 to 269 g
- Fasting period before study: None
- Housing: TR18 cages from Modular Systems Limited, London, England and RB3 modified cages from North Kent Plastics Limited, Dartford, Kent, England. The cages consisted of stainless steel (TR18) or high density polypropylene (RB3) bodies with lids and floors of stainless steel grid and were suspended in batteries over trays covered with absorbent crepe paper which was replaced twice weekly or daily during pairing.
- Diet: Ad libitum
- Water: Ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 21°C (range 18 - 25 °C)
- Humidity: 55 % (range 40 - 70 %)
- Air changes: 15 per hr
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark / 12 hrs light
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose)
- Remarks:
- 0.5 % in water
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): P0076 was prepared freshly each day as a suspension in 0.5 % (w/v) aqueous methylcellulose mucilage. Dosages were of the material as supplied.
VEHICLE
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): Volume-dosage of 10 ml/kg. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Samples of each concentration of the test mixtures were taken during the first and last weeks of treatment and analysed by Life Science Research for test material content.
- Details on mating procedure:
- - Impregnation procedure: Cohoused
- M/F ratio per cage: At various stages of the study the maximum number of rats per cage was:
Stage, Number of rats (M/F), Cage type
Acclimatisation, 0 M up to 5 F, TRI8
Mating, 1M 1F, RB3 modified
Gestation,0M 1F, RB3 modified
- Mating procedure: Females were paired on a one-to-one basis with stock males of the same strain. Each morning following pairing, the trays beneath the cages were checked for ejected copulation plugs and a vaginal smear was prepared from each female and examined for the presence of spermatozoa. The day on which a sperm positive vaginal smear or at least three copulation plugs were found was designated Day 0 of gestation.
- Verification of same strain and source of both sexes: Yes
- Proof of pregnancy: Vaginal plug and sperm in vaginal smear referred to as day 0 of pregnancy - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Group, Treatment, Dose level (mg/kg/day), Number of animals, Animal numbering
1, Control, 0, 22, 1-21
2, Test item, 40, 22, 23-44
3, Test item, 200, 22, 45-66
4, Test item, 1000, 22, 67-88
The animals were dosed daily by the oral route (gavage) from Day 6 to Day 15 of gestation. Control animals received the vehicle at the same volume-dosage during the treatment period. The volume administered daily to each animal was based on the animal's bodyweight on that day. - Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
- Duration of test:
- Day 20 of gestation.
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 40, 200, 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
analytical conc.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 22 animals
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: The preliminary teratology study in the rat was conducted using dose levels of 0, 40, 200 and 1000 mg/kg/day. At 1000 mg/kg/day, the rate of bodyweight change was slightly lower than that of the Controls during the treatment period.
Examinations
- Maternal examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: All animals were observed daily throughout the study and any visible signs of reaction to treatment were recorded, with details of type, severity, time of onset and duration.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Females were weighed on Days 0, 3, 6 to 16 inclusive, 18 and 20 of gestation.
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day 20
- Organs examined: Each animal was first examined macroscopically for evidence of disease or adverse reaction to treatment and specimens of abnormal tissues were retained.
The reproductive tract, complete with ovaries, was dissected out and the following recorded:
a) Number of corpora lutea in each ovary (assessed before removal);
b) Number of implantation sites;
c) Number of resorption sites {classified as early or late};
d) Number and distribution of foetuses in each uterine horn. - Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: No
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
- Other: Number and distribution of foetuses in each uterine horn - Fetal examinations:
- - External examinations: Yes, all per litter
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes, all per litter
- Skeletal examinations: Yes, all per litter
- Head examinations: Yes, all per litter
- External examination at necropsy: Each foetus was weighed, sexed and examined for any external abnormalities. Individual placental weights and placental abnormalities were recorded.
- Internal examination at necropsy: The neck and the thoracic and abdominal cavities of approximately half of each litter were dissected and examined. All foetal abnormalities were recorded and the offspring eviscerated prior to fixation in industrial methylated spirit (74° o.p.).
- Internal examination by free-hand serial sectioning: The remaining foetuses in each litter were placed in Bouin's fixative. After a period of fixation they were examined by the Wilson free-hand serial sectioning technique (Wilson, J.G. Teratology: Principles and Techniques, p.251, University of Chicago Press, 1965).
- Skeletal examinations: The eviscerated foetuses were processed and stained with Alizarin-red, using a modification of the Dawson staining technique (Tesh, J.M., Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, 1968), and the skeletons were examined. - Statistics:
- - Statistical evaluation: The significance of suggestive inter-group differences was tested using appropriate statistical tests, each of which has been specified where used. Differences with an associated probability of P<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
Results and discussion
Results: maternal animals
Maternal developmental toxicity
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:yes. Remark: Slightly depressed body weight gains.
Details on maternal toxic effects:
- General condition and mortality: The general condition of the females was unaffected by treatment with test item, and no deaths occurred.
- Bodyweight: Bodyweight gain by females in Group 4 (1000 mg/kg/day) was slightly lower than that of the Controls during treatment. Weight gain of females in Groups 2 and 3 (40 and 200 mg/kg/day) was similar to that of the Controls throughout gestation.
- Food and water intake: Food and water intake were unaffected by treatment.
- Necropsy findings: Necropsy of females on Day 20 of gestation revealed no treatment-related macroscopic findings.
- Formulation analysis: Acceptable homogeneity of the formulation was demonstrated at 4 and 100 mg/mL, and the test item was shown to be stable in 0. 5% (w/v) aqueous methylcellulose mucilage for at least six hours. Satisfactory concentrations of preparations taken during the first and last weeks of treatment were obtained.
Effect levels (maternal animals)
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
Results (fetuses)
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Litter responses: Litter responses, as assessed by the numbers of implantations, resorptions and viable young, and the extent of pre- and post-implantation losses, were unaffected by treatment with test item. Mean foetal and placental weights in Group 4 (1000 mg/kg/day) were slightly lower than those of the concurrent Controls and the difference was statistically significant for the weight of male foetuses and for placental weight. However, all Group 4 values fell within the background control range. Groups 2 and 3 (40 and 200 mg/kg/day) were unaffected by treatment.
- Foetal evaluation: Macroscopic examination of foetuses at necropsy, and following skeletal processing or free-hand serial sectioning revealed a number of observations, the majority of which were of types and occurred at frequencies previously recorded in Control foetuses of this strain of rat at these laboratories, and showed no association with treatment.
In Group 3 (200 mg/kg/day), nine foetuses from three litters (2.8 %) were seen to have squat appearance and limb flexures; seven of these allocated to skeletal examination had thickened ribs. However, subsequent to this study, similar abnormalities have been observed in Control foetuses from other studies (up to 6.1% in July 1991, with four further occurrences (1.8%) up to October 1991). The present findings are, therefore considered unlikely to be a result of maternal treatment with test item.
In Group 4 (1000 mg/kg/day) there was a slight increase in the incidence of foetuses with incompletely ossified parietal or basisphenoid bones; in both cases the values just exceeded the upper limit of the background control ranges. In the absence of any other reductions in skeletal ossification, it was considered unlikely that these findings were related to treatment with test item.
A small number of foetuses showed more complex or unusual morphological changes:
Control: One foetus with digits of left fore-paw flexed. One foetus with a small additional
plaque of bone in the parietal suture.
Group 2 (40 mg/kg/day): One foetus with one abnormal fore-paw and an inter-ventricular septal defect.
Group 3 (200 mg/kg/day). Two foetuses with unilateral slight macrophthalmia.
Group 4 (1000 mg/kg/day). One foetus with unilateral slight macrophthalmia.
The group distribution and incidence of these findings did not suggest any treatment-related involvement.
Fetal abnormalities
- Abnormalities:
- not specified
Overall developmental toxicity
- Developmental effects observed:
- not specified
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- It was concluded from this investigation that oral administration of the test item to pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis at dose levels up to 200 mg/kg/day was without adverse effect upon maternal condition and weight gain or upon litter and foetal responses. At 1000 mg/kg/day maternal bodyweight gain was slightly depressed, and foetal and placental weights were slightly lower than those of the Controls. However, there were no indications of any adverse effects upon survival or morphological development in utero.
- Executive summary:
A study was carried out according to EU Method B.31, OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (1964) Redbook. The influence of the test item upon the progress and outcome of pregnancy was assessed in sexually mature rats of the CD strain. For this purpose, the test item was administered by gavage at dose levels of 40, 200 or 1000 mg/kg/day to groups of 22 pregnant rats from Day 6 to Day 15 of gestation inclusive. Control animals received the vehicle, 0.5 % (w/v) aqueous methylcellulose throughout the same period. All females were killed on Day 20 of gestation for examination of their uterine contents. The general condition of females was similar in all groups, and no deaths occurred. Bodyweight gain of females receiving 1000 mg/kg/day was slightly depressed during the treatment period. Food and water intakes of females in all treated groups were unaffected by treatment. No adverse treatment-related macroscopic changes were observed at necropsy of females on Day 20 of gestation. Litter size and survival were unaffected by treatment. Foetal and placental weights were slightly lower than those of the controls at 1000 mg/kg/day. Foetal examinations at necropsy and following skeletal processing or free-hand serial sectioning revealed no morphological changes that were considered to be related to treatment with test item. It was concluded from this investigation that oral administration of the test item to pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis at dose levels up to 200 mg/kg/day was without adverse effect upon maternal condition and weight gain or upon litter and foetal responses. At 1000 mg/kg/day maternal bodyweight gain was slightly depressed, and foetal and placental weights were slightly lower than those of the Controls. However, there were no indications of any adverse effects upon survival or morphological developmentin utero.
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