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EC number: 202-851-5 | CAS number: 100-42-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vivo
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: chromosome aberration
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 18 Sep 2001 - 04 Nov 2002
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: GLP guideline study.
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 002
- Report date:
- 2002
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- A re-assessment of styrene-induced clastogenicity in mice in a subacute inhalation study.
- Author:
- Engelhardt, G. et al.
- Year:
- 2 003
- Bibliographic source:
- Arch Toxicol 77: 56-61(2003)
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Inhalation exposure for up to 14 days according to OECD Guideline 412.
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz Rheinland-Pfalz
- Type of assay:
- micronucleus assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Styrene
- EC Number:
- 202-851-5
- EC Name:
- Styrene
- Cas Number:
- 100-42-5
- Molecular formula:
- C8H8
- IUPAC Name:
- ethenylbenzene
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): styrene
- Physical state: clear colourless liquid
- Analytical purity: > 99.9%
- Purity test date: 11 Jul 2001, 30 Oct 2001
- Lot/batch No.: Tank 21/22
- Stability under test conditions: stable
- Storage condition of test material: room temperature
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- NMRI
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Deutschland, GmbH
- Age at study initiation: 5 - 8 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: mean weight of 32.6 g
- Assigned to test groups randomly: yes
- Fasting period before study: no
- Housing: singly in wire cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): rodent laboratory diet, 10 mm pellets (Provimi Kliba SA, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland) free from contaminants
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): tap water free from contaminants
- Acclimation period: 14 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20 - 24
- Humidity (%): 30 - 70
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 18 Sep 2001 To: 17 Oct 2001
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: vapour
- Vehicle:
- activated-charcoal-filtered air
- Details on exposure:
- TYPE OF INHALATION EXPOSURE: whole body
GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: glass-steel inhalation chamber (1.4 m3)
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: cage
- Source and rate of air: ca. 28 m3/h
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: Piston metering pumps (Sarstedt DESAGA), Glass vaporizers with thermostat (BASF AG)
- Temperature, humidity, pressure in air chamber: 22 ± 2 °C, 50 ± 20%, slight negative pressure
TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: calibrated gas chromatographic analyses
- Samples taken from breathing zone: yes, 2 measured samples per concentration and exposure
OTHER:
During exposure, food and water were withdrawn. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 6 h/day
- Frequency of treatment:
- one, three, seven, 14 or 21 exposures
- Post exposure period:
- Animals were killed immediately after the end of the daily exposure by cervical dislocation.
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0.757 ± 0.0318 and 1.508 ± 0.0593 mg/L
Basis:
analytical conc.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5 per exposure group
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Positive control(s):
- cyclophosphamide
- Route of administration: intraperitoneally, once
- Doses / concentrations: 20 mg/kg bw
Animals were sacrifieced 24 hours after treatment.
Examinations
- Tissues and cell types examined:
- polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes from the bone marrow
- Details of tissue and slide preparation:
- CRITERIA FOR DOSE SELECTION:
Reproduction of an experiment reported by Koskinen et al. (2000) and Vodicka et al. (2001).
DETAILS OF SLIDE PREPARATION:
The two femora from the animal were prepared. After cutting of the epiphyses, the bone marrow was flushed out into a centrifigation tube using prewarmed fetal calf serum (FCS). The suspension was mixed, centrifugated, the supernatant removed and the pellet resuspended in fresh FCS. One drop of the resulting suspension was dropped on clean microscopic slides and smears prepared. The air-dried slides were stained with modified May Grünwald and Giemsa solution.
METHOD OF ANALYSIS:
In general, 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) from each animal from each test group were microscopically evaluated and investigated for micronuclei (MN). Thenormochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) with and without MN were also scored.
Ratio of PCEs to NCEs.
Number of small and large MN. - Evaluation criteria:
- Positive:
- Dose-related and significant increase in the number of PCEs with MN at any of the intervals.
- The proportion of cells containing MN exceeded both the values of the current negative control and the negative historical control range. - Statistics:
- one-sided Wilcoxon test
Results and discussion
Test results
- Sex:
- male
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Toxicity:
- yes
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not examined
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
Any other information on results incl. tables
Test group [mg/L] |
Sampling time [days] |
No. of animals |
No. of PCEs |
No. of NCEs |
Micronuleated PCEs/2000 PCEs [Group mean ± SD] |
Air control |
1 |
5 |
10000 |
5202 |
1.3 ± 1.52 |
0.75 |
5 |
10000 |
4391 |
2.5 ± 3.24 |
|
1.5 |
5 |
10000 |
5109 |
2.4 ± 1.10 |
|
Cyclophosphamide |
5 |
10000 |
4451 |
20.7 ± 14.74 |
|
Air control |
3 |
5 |
10000 |
4543 |
2.6 ± 2.28 |
0.75 |
5 |
10000 |
5763 |
2.9 ± 2.86 |
|
1.5 |
5 |
10000 |
6580 |
2.7 ± 1.14 |
|
Cyclophosphamide |
5 |
10000 |
4829 |
17.2 ± 6.73 |
|
Air control |
7 |
5 |
10000 |
4914 |
2.9 ± 0.45 |
0.75 |
5 |
10000 |
4531 |
2.9 ± 2.17 |
|
1.5 |
5 |
10000 |
4555 |
3.2 ± 2.79 |
|
Cyclophosphamide |
5 |
10000 |
3991 |
19.2 ± 11.78 |
|
Air control |
14 |
5 |
10000 |
5237 |
3.0 ± 1.87 |
0.75 |
5 |
10000 |
4458 |
2.5 ± 1.00 |
|
1.5 |
5 |
10000 |
4987 |
1.7 ± 1.34 |
|
Cyclophosphamide |
5 |
10000 |
3797 |
17.3 ± 5.55 |
|
Air control |
21 |
4 |
8000 |
4423 |
3.0 ± 3.37 |
0.75 |
5 |
10000 |
5108 |
1.7 ± 1.95 |
|
1.5 |
5 |
10000 |
5850 |
2.1 ± 3.42 |
|
Cyclophosphamide |
5 |
10000 |
4964 |
17.5 ± 15.8 |
After exposure to 1.5 mg/L lethality was observed in7 of 35 animals between study days 2 and 6. Nonspecific clinical symptoms indicative of some irritation of the respiratory tract and systemic toxicity were also observed in this treatment group. The body weight gain of the animals was depressed in relation to the concentration, most prominently during the first days (3 - 6) of exposure.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): negative
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