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EC number: 234-217-9 | CAS number: 10599-90-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Eye irritation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- disregarded due to major methodological deficiencies
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Unsuitable test system. No standard scorring system.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Irritant effect (conjunctivitis) of chlorine and chlorine and chloramines in swimming pool water.
- Author:
- Eichelsdorfer D., Slovak J. and Schmid K.
- Year:
- 1 975
- Bibliographic source:
- Vom Wasser, Vol. 45, pp. 17-28.
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The irritant effect of the monochloramine solutions on mucous membranes was tested on rabbit conjunctiva. Rabbit eyes were exposed in continuous to test solutions during one hour thanks to a silicone tubing implanted in the eyes. The test series was carried out with increasing concentrations until a positive result was achieved, in the sense of objectively detectable irritation of the mucous membranes. Each concentration step for each test solution was tested on 5 to 6 different experimental animals.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chloramide
- EC Number:
- 234-217-9
- EC Name:
- Chloramide
- Cas Number:
- 10599-90-3
- Molecular formula:
- ClH2N
- IUPAC Name:
- chloranamine
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Monochloramine
- Substance type: solution
- Physical state: liquid
Constituent 1
Test animals / tissue source
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
- No data
Test system
- Vehicle:
- water
- Controls:
- yes
- Amount / concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): no data on the volume. The amounts of liquid were kept constant in all the tests and calculated so that the eye was constantly wetted with the test solution.
- Concentration (if solution): 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/l.
- Preparation of test solutions: The monochloramine solutions were prepared by slowly adding dilute chlorine water to an ammonium chloride solution, in the mole ratio chlorine:nitrogen = 1:1.25. The pH of the solutions was adjusted to the pH of Munich tap water (about 7.5). By fractional separation of the individual forms of combined chlorine according to the N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine method (DPD method) and by determination of the sum of the total chlorine content, we were able to establish that the test solutions contained practically only monochloramine and no free chlorine. In addition, we studied test solutions with higher concentrations (about 5 x 10exp-4 molar concentration) spectroscopically. Since the UV spectra of monochloramine (λmax= 243 nm) and dichloramine (λmax= 297 nm) are sufficiently different, it could be definitely established that the solutions contained exclusively monochloramine; dichloramine could not be detected spectroscopically. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- The eye was constantly wetted with the test solution during one hour.
- Observation period (in vivo):
- No data
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- 5 to 6 different experimental animals
- Details on study design:
- SCORING SYSTEM: The pictures were assessed in particular according to the shade of reddening as well as the number and size of the capillaries compared with a blank obtained for the same exposure time with pure Munich tap water.
TOOL USED TO ASSESS SCORE: Assessment was carried out with the help of color photographs taken under standardized conditions, with the rabbits's upper eyelid lifted up from the upper conjunctival sac.
Results and discussion
In vivo
- Irritant / corrosive response data:
- Clear reaction at 4 mg/l and very severe reaction at 5 mg/l.
- Other effects:
- None reported
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Interpretation of results:
- irritating
- Remarks:
- Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: expert judgment
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of this test, Monochloramine solutions at 4 and 5 mg/l induced irritating effects in rabbits.
- Executive summary:
The irritant effect of monochloramine solutions (2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/l) on mucous membranes was tested on rabbit conjunctiva. In order to be able to steadily expose the conjunctiva to test solutions during the entire testing period (one hour), silicone tubing was implanted into the rabbit so that the eye could be constantly wetted without mechanically irritating the eye area or adversely affecting the animal. The silicone tubing, about 1.5 mm in diameter, was inserted after anesthesia with the help of a cannula from the end of the lacrinal sac near the fold, and run subcutaneously to between the ears. The test solutions were fed by means of a standard infusion set that was connected to the silicone tubing between the ears of the animal. Clear conjunctival irritation was observed at 4 mg/l and a severe eye irritation was observed at 5 mg/l which spread from the sensitive mucous membranes of the conjunctiva to the less sensitive areas of the ocular membrane.
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