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EC number: 234-217-9 | CAS number: 10599-90-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Additional information
Monochloramine is an inorganic substance and thus no ready biodegradation test was performed in accordance with REACH Annex VII column 2. Moreover, monochloramine is always used in an aqueous solution at low concentrations and primarily in water treatment. Therefore, surface water is considered as the target compartment of monochloramine and most of the available data concern kinetics of the substance in water.
It was established that both monochloramine autodecomposition and reaction with natural organic matter are significant in typical drinking water conditions (Duirk, 2005). As for natural surface water, several studies have shown that depending on the conditions the substance can stay quite long in rivers by comparison with other chloramines species (Yamamoto, 1988) and that illumination characteristics can have significant effects on monochloramine kinetics in water (Lin, 1983). The rate of monochloramine loss can also vary depending on pH conditions. The rate loss increases when pH decreases, which is attributed to the formation rate of dichloramine at pH < 8 (Vikesland, 2001). It is generally accepted that monochloramine persists for hours to days in water (Johnson, 1978; Pasternak, 2003; EPA, 1999). This low persistence is supported by several hydrolysis data showing high hydrolysis constants which correspond to a T1/2 of ca. 10 hours (Margerum, 1978; Vikesland, 2001).
Based on all the relevant data on hydrolysis and decomposition in water and based on the T1/2 value of 10 hours, the substance is considered as rapidly degradable in surface water according to the criteria of the Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures.
Inorganic chloramine loss from the water column may also occur via adsorption and reaction with suspended solids and bottom sediments (EPA, 1999). Stream beds may be covered with active biological materials in the form of slimes, sludges and algae, particularly at wastewater outfalls. This biological material has a capacity for uptake of residual chlorine. The rate of pollutant uptake in this layer (or the rate produced by benthic demand) will be influenced by the type of biological material, temperature, flow and sediment characteristics and depth but it is very difficult to make generalizations regarding chloramine loss rate. Nevertheless, EPA (1999) has obtained decay rate constants of 0.50 to14.83 per day (half-lives of 1.4 - 0.05 days) on monochloramine. Thus, although no adsorption/desorption test was performed due to technical difficulties (instability of the substance and difficulty in assessing results), the substance is considered as not persistent in sediments.
Considering the use of the substance in water treatment system (aquatic environment will be directly exposed) and that the substance is considered as rapidly degradable in water and not persistent in sediment, it is considered that both direct and indirect exposure of soil is unlikely.
Holzwarth et al. (1984) studied the behaviour of the substance regarding the atmospheric compartment. A Henry law's constant was determined to be 0.45 (dimensionless) at 20°C. This value was converted and a Henry law's constant of 0.824 Pa.m3/mol at 20°C was found. Thus monochloramine presents a volatilisation potential.
Finally, bioaccumulation is not considered relevant for monochloramine as it is an inorganic substance. The BCF value for inorganic substances will be mainly influenced by water chemistry (e.g. pH, hardness, temperature, redox conditions) and generally only dissolved ions will be potentially available for direct uptake. Monochloramine is soluble in water, used in an aqueous solution at low concentrations in water treatment and consequently highly diluted when entering the aquatic environment. As stated above, hydrolysis (T1/2= 10h) and/or degradation (T1/2 depending on factors such as pH, T, light conditions) of monochloramine in the aquatic environment will limit the amount of bioavailable monochloramine.
In conclusion, monochloramine in aqueous solution is considered as rapidly degradable in surface water, not persistent in sediment and not bioaccumulable in aquatic organisms. Moreover, both direct and indirect exposure to soil is considered unlikely. However, monochloramine presents a volatilisation potential.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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