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EC number: 205-426-2 | CAS number: 140-66-9
- Life Cycle description
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- Endpoint summary
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- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
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- Short-term toxicity to fish
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Sediment toxicity
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- unknown
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study meets generally accepted scientific standards and is acceptable for assessment. Some testing information is missing.
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Emery et al. 1997
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Study references Emery et al. (1997) as the method adapted for use in this study. However, procedures were modifed by using a smaller 250 ml test chamber with 50 g wet sediment and 200 ml overlying seawater.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- not known
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on sediment and application:
- Study references Fay et al (2000) for amending reference sediment with NP. Spiking solutions of toxicant were added to glass jars. Reference sediment and seawater were added to each jar to create 50% sediment water slurry mix. Jars were shaken for 7 days on shaker at 125 rpm. After 7 days, sediments were centrifuged to remove excess seawater and homogenized.
- Test organisms (species):
- Leptocheirus plumulosus
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name:crustacean
- Source: lab cultures
- Age of animals at beginning of exposure:< 2 weeks old, juveniles
- Feeding during test: sediment available
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: none as lab cultured - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Type of sediment:
- natural sediment
- Limit test:
- no
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Exposure phase:
- total exposure duration
- Post exposure observation period:
- none
- Hardness:
- NA
- Test temperature:
- 23 +/-1 °C
- pH:
- not provided
- Dissolved oxygen:
- not provided
- Salinity:
- 20 ppt
- Ammonia:
- not provided
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- measured: control, 2.1, 4.5, 10.5, 27.2, 61.5 mg/kg NP
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): 250 ml chamber
- Sediment volume: 50 g
- Weight of wet sediment with and without pore water: 50 g wet
- Overlying water volume: 200 ml
- Depth of sediment: 2 cm
EXPOSURE REGIME
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 15
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 5
- No. of replicates per control / vehicle control: 5
- Feeding regime: 3 times a week
- Type and preparation of food: "gorp" - mixture of TetraMin, dried alfalfa, wheat grass powder and shrimp maturation feed
- Amount of food: 1mg/organism
OVERLYING WATER CHARACTERISTCS
- Type of water (e.g. deionized, ground water, sea water, Elendt medium acc. to OECD 219): synthetic seawater
- Salinity: 20ppt
SOURCE OF NATURAL SEDIMENT
- Location and description of sampling site: "Flax Pond", a sparsely populated coastal inlet on north shore of Long Island
- Contamination history of site: used as reference site
- Total organic carbon (%): 2.6%
HANDLING OF NATURAL SEDIMENT
The top 5 cm were collected from surface of four grabs from Ponar grab and homogenized. Sediment was sieved to 500 µm and stored for up to 1 year at 4 °C until use.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16L:8D
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable): not provided
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: unknown
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Range finding study: Yes
- Test concentrations: 0, 62.5, 118.8, 200, 400 mg/kg
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: yes - Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- > 61.5 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- > 61.5 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Details on results:
- 99% survival in control
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- none provided
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Reproductive output analyzed using two-sample, two-tailed T-test after square root transformation.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- some water characteristics missing
- Conclusions:
- Study authors concluded that NP was not the cause of toxicity in sewage-impacted sediment of concern.
- Executive summary:
This study, on the toxicity of nonylphenol, is being included in support of the read-across approach for the toxicity of octylphenol to sediment organisms.
The 28-day chronic toxicity of nonylphenol to the benthic crustacean, Leptocheirus plumulosus, was studied under static conditions. Crustaceans were exposed to control and nonylphenol at average measured concentrations of 2.1, 4.5, 10.5, 27.2, 61.5, mg/kg dw nonylphenol. The 28 -day NOEC based on survival and reproduction was > 61.5 mg /Kg dw nonylphenol for both effects. Eventhough, reproduction was the more sensitive endpoint.
The assessed sublethal effect included was reproduction.Results Synopsis
Test Organism Age (e.g. 1stinstar): juvenile
Test Type (Flowthrough Static, Static Renewal): static
72 -hr NOEC (survival, reproduction and growth): >61.5 mg/kg dw nonylphenol
Zulkosky et al.(2002) was chosen as a supporting study because it provides toxicity results of nonylphenol to the sediment organism, Leptocheirus plumulosus. Although this study provides results that show Leptocheirus plumulosus could be more sensitive than Tubfix sp. or Chironomus riparius, as presented by Bettinetti and Provini (2002), it was not chosen as key study due to the lack of testing information provided by the authors. However, this study can provide support for the key study, Bettinetti and Provini (2002) in the toxicity of nonylphenol to sediment organisms.
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: long-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Justification for type of information:
- In accordance with Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 Annex XI (1.5) and the relevant ECHA guidance documents, the substances detailed in the table below are grouped for the purposes of read across to reduce the need for unnecessary repeat testing on the basis that the substances are similar on the basis of a common functional groups.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- > 61.5 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- > 61.5 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 336.7 other: 59.1-235.2
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- cocoon production
- Remarks on result:
- other: 295-384.4
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 382.7 other: ug/g dw
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- cocoon production
- Remarks on result:
- other: 363.7-403.7
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 335 other: ug/g
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- number of young worms
- Remarks on result:
- other: 311.6-360.3
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 382.8 other: ug/g
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- number of young worms
- Remarks on result:
- other: number of young worms
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 258.9 other: µg/g dw
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- emergence rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 217.8-285.6
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 203 other: µg/g dw
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- emergence rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 59.1-235.2
- Conclusions:
- The read across for 4-tert-octylphenol (CAS: 140-66-9); is based upon the analogous substances to which basic form, degree of substitution of functional groups is not considered to effect the proposed read across for the endpoint of Sediment toxicity. Based on the information available for the read across substances, the substance is expected to be toxic to organisms in sediment.
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- unknown
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study is comparable to a guideline study with acceptable restrictions which do not impair the overall conclusion from the data.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD 225 or EPA OPPTS 850.6200
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- study notes minor modifications to guideline, but does not specify
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Study references the following as test guidance. Test procedures described in the paper are similar to OECD 225 or EPA OPPTS 850.6200
Reynoldson, T.B., Thompson, S.P., and Bamsey, J.L. (1991). A sediment bioassay using the tubificid oligochaete work Tubifex tubifex. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10, 1061-1072. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- none provided
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on sediment and application:
- PREPARATION OF SPIKED SEDIMENT
- Method of mixing:1g of NP was directly added to 250 g wet sediment (50% water content) and mixed with 250 ml of water. The mixture was mixed for 20 hr and left to settle for 72 hr. Sediment then separated from water by centrifugation.
- Details of spiking: Spiked sediment generated by mixing stock sediment with reference sediment
- Controls: yes - Test organisms (species):
- Tubifex tubifex
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: worm
- Source:on-site cultures started from adults collected in Lake Suviana Italy
- Breeding conditions: kept in the dark at 21 deg C in glass containers half filled with sterilized sand and dechlorinated tap water, 25 adults per beaker. Fed frozen spinach thawed to room temperature
- Details on collection: cocoons removed from sand every week
- Age of animals at beginning of exposure: appro.imately 6 weeks, at their first reproductive event
- Feeding during test: yes
- Food type: Tetramin during test
- Amount:80 mg dry power/ test chamber
- Frequency:food mixed with sediment before test initiation
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period:none needed as cultured in lab
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): same dilution water - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Type of sediment:
- natural sediment
- Limit test:
- no
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Exposure phase:
- total exposure duration
- Post exposure observation period:
- none
- Hardness:
- 320 mg/L CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 21+/- 1 deg C
- pH:
- not provided, but varied by 0.2 s.u. during test
- Dissolved oxygen:
- not provided, but test chambers aerated for 2 hr prior to test initiation, at test termination D.O was 65% saturation
- Salinity:
- NA
- Ammonia:
- < 0.02 mg/L
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal: Test 1 0, 180, 380, 420, 460, 650 ug/L
nominal: Test 2 0, 90, 190, 310, 430, 610 ug/L - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): 250 ml glass beakers covered with petri dish
- Weight of wet sediment with and without pore water: 70 g 50% water
- Overlying water volume: 150 ml
- Aeration: yes- 2hr before test and during test continuously
- Replacement of evaporated test water, if any: yes, every 2 days, if needed
EXPOSURE REGIME
- No. of organisms per container (treatment):4
- No. of replicates per treatment group:5
- No. of replicates per control / vehicle control:5
- Feeding regime: at test initiation
- Type and preparation of food: Tetramin powder
- Amount of food: 80mg powdered food per chamber
OVERLYING WATER CHARACTERISTCS
- Type of water (e.g. deionized, ground water, sea water, Elendt medium acc. to OECD 219): dechlorinated tap
-temperature, pH, and DO measured in all beakers before and end of test
SOURCE OF NATURAL SEDIMENT
- Location and description of sampling site: Lake Monate Northern Italy
- Contamination history of site: unpolluted sediment. Chemical analysis confirmed NP was not present and other parameters were in range of previous suggestions by Salomons and Forstner (1984)
HANDLING OF NATURAL SEDIMENT
- Water depth:10 m
- Storage conditions:stored in the dark at 4 deg C
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod:none, test performed in the dark
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : adult survival, number of cocoons and young worms assessed at end of test. Qualittaive observations included "reworking activity" and gonadal malformations. - Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 336.7 other: ug/g dw
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- cocoon production
- Remarks on result:
- other: 295-384.4
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 382.7 other: ug/g dw
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- cocoon production
- Remarks on result:
- other: 363.7-403.7
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 335 other: ug/g
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- number of young worms
- Remarks on result:
- other: 311.6-360.3
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 382.8 other: ug/g
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- number of young worms
- Remarks on result:
- other: 366-400.4
- Details on results:
- Results for Test 1 and Test 2 are presented.
There was no significant difference in production of cocoons or young worms between controls in Test 1 or Test 2. No information of % survival of adults, but assume not significant based on statement below from text of paper.
"In both bioassays breeding adults started to die at 600 ug/g NP in sediments."
Some histological or gonadal malformations seen at 190 ug/g NP dw. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- none provided
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Probit used to calculate EC50 values. p<0.05
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Study authors conclude that although results from this study showed that environmental concentrations of NP in sediments for those mentioned in the paper, are lower than the toxicity results of this study. However, further investigation is needed to define long-term effects such as population disruption and community dynamics effects.
- Executive summary:
This study, on the toxicity of nonylphenol, is being included in support of the read-across approach for the toxicity of octylphenol to sediment organisms.
The 28-day-chronic toxicity of nonylphenol to Tubifex tubifex was studied under semi-static conditions. Worms were exposed to control, and nonylphenol at nominal concentrations of 180, 380, 420, 460, and 650 ug./L nonylphenol in Test 1 and 90, 190, 310, 430, and 610 ug/L nonylphenol in Test 2. The 28 -day EC10 based on reproduction (cocoon production) was 0.3367 mg /L nonylphenol for Test 1 and 0.3827 mg/L nonylphenol for Test 2.
The 28 -day EC10based on reproduction (young worms present) was 0.335 mg /L nonylphenol for Test 1 and 0.3828 mg/L nonylphenol for Test 2.
This study is classified as acceptable and satisifies the guideline requirements for a sediment toxicity test.
Results Synopsis
Test Organism Age (e.g. 1stinstar): adult
Test Type (Flowthrough Static, Static Renewal): semi-static
EC10(reproduction - cocoon production): 0.360 ug/g nonphenol (average of Test 1 and Test 2 results)
EC10(reproduction - young worms): 0.359 ug/g nonphenol (average of Test 1 and Test 2 results)
Bettinetti and Provini(2002) was chosen as a key study because provides toxicity results of nonylphenol to the sediment organism, Tubifex tubifex. Results from this study are the only reliable results available for this test species and are therefore, included for assessment.
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- unknown
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study is comparable to a guideline study with acceptable restrictions which do not impair the overall conclusion from the data.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 218 (Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Test Using Spiked Sediment)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- study notes minor modifications to guideline, but does not specify
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Study used the 1998 version of the Guideline
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- none provided
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on sediment and application:
- PREPARATION OF SPIKED SEDIMENT
- Method of mixing: 1g of NP was directly added to 250 g wet sediment (50% water content) and mixed with 250 ml of water. The mixture was mixed for 20 h and left to settle for 72 h. Sediment then separated from water by centrifugation.
- Details of spiking: Spiked sediment generated by mixing stock sediment with reference sediment
- Controls: yes - Test organisms (species):
- Chironomus riparius
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Chironomid
- Source: on-site cultures maintained for several generations, original source feral organisms collected from River Lambro in Milan, Italy
- Breeding conditions: 21 +/- 1 °C, in dechlorinated tap water under daily photoperiod in 40 L aquaria with control sediment.
- Details on collection: egg ropes transferred from culture to glass vessels containing culture water. First instar hatch occurred within 3 days at 21 °C.
- Age of animals at beginning of exposure: first instar
- Feeding during test: yes
- Food type: Tetramin
- Amount: 3.5 ml/ test chamber
- Frequency: every 3 days
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: none needed as cultured in lab
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): same dilution water - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Type of sediment:
- natural sediment
- Limit test:
- no
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Exposure phase:
- total exposure duration
- Post exposure observation period:
- none
- Hardness:
- 320 mg/L CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 21+/- 1 °C
- pH:
- not provided, but varied by 0.2 s.u. during test
- Dissolved oxygen:
- not provided, but test chambers aerated for 2 h prior to test initiation, at test termination D.O was 65% saturation
- Salinity:
- NA
- Ammonia:
- < 0.02 mg/L
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal: Test 1 0, 270, 290, 320, 410, 480, 580 µg/L
nominal: Test 2 0, 290, 520, 735, 880, 960, 1100 µg/L - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): 250 ml glass beakers covered with petri dish
- Weight of wet sediment with and without pore water: 70 g 50% water
- Overlying water volume: 200 ml
- Aeration: yes- 2 h before test
- Replacement of evaporated test water, if any: yes
EXPOSURE REGIME
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 10
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 5
- No. of replicates per control / vehicle control: 5
- Feeding regime: every 3 days
- Type and preparation of food: Tetramin suspension
- Amount of food: 3.5 ml
OVERLYING WATER CHARACTERISTCS
- Type of water (e.g. deionized, ground water, sea water, Elendt medium acc. to OECD 219): dechlorinated tap
- Temperature, pH, and DO measured in all beakers before and end of test
SOURCE OF NATURAL SEDIMENT
- Location and description of sampling site: Lake Monate Northern Italy
- Contamination history of site: unpolluted sediment. Chemical analysis confirmed NP was not present and other parameters were in range of previous suggestions by Salomons and Forstner (1984)
HANDLING OF NATURAL SEDIMENT
- Water depth: 10 m
- Storage conditions: stored in the dark at 4 °C
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16L8D
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable): emergence recorded daily, egg deposition recorded - Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 258.9 other: µg/g dw
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- emergence rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 217.8-285.6
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 203 other: µg/g dw
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- emergence rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 59.1-235.2
- Details on results:
- Results for Test 1 and Test 2 are presented.
Control beakers had 100% emergence for both tests.
Midges started to emerge after 14-16 days in all treatments and control with emergence period lasting 8-10 days in controls. Number of males vs females emerged was not significantly different between controls and treatments. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- none provided
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Probit used to calculate EC50 values. p<0.05
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Study authors conclude that although results from this study showed that environmental concentrations of NP in sediments for those mentioned in the paper, are lower than the toxicity results of this study. However, further investigation is needed to define long-term effects such as population disruption and community dynamics effects.
- Executive summary:
This study, on the toxicity of nonylphenol, is being included in support of the read-across approach for the toxicity of octylphenol to sediment organisms.
The 28-day-chronic toxicity of nonylphenol to Chironomus riparius was studied under semi-static conditions. Chironomids were exposed to control, and nonylphenol at nominal concentrations of 270, 290, 320, 410, 480, and 580 µg/L nonylphenol in Test 1 and 290, 520, 735, 880, 960, 1100 µg/L nonylphenol in Test 2. The 28 -day EC10based on emergence was 0.2589 mg /L nonylphenol for Test 1 and 0.203 mg/L nonylphenol for Test 2.
The sublethal effects assessed included emergence and egg production. The most sensitive end point was emergence.
This study is classified as acceptable and satisifies the guideline requirements for a sediment toxicity test.
Results Synopsis
Test Organism Age (e.g. 1stinstar): first instar
Test Type (Flow through Static, Static Renewal): semi-static
EC10(emergence): 0.231 µg/g nonylphenol (average of Test 1 and Test 2 results)
Bettinetti and Provini(2002) was chosen as a key study because provides toxicity results of nonylphenol to the sediment organism, Chironomus riparius. Although results from this study are less sensitive than findings from Kahl et al. (1997) for a sediment organism of the same genus, results from this study are deemed more reliable as it was well documented and did not appear to have analytical issues as described in Kahl et al.(1997).
Referenceopen allclose all
Survivorship of Leptocheirus plumulosus exposed to NP in 28 -day test. Results are average of 5 tests.
Measured Conc. (ug/g) dw | % Survival |
Control | 99 +/-3 |
2.1 | 99 +/-3 |
4.5 | 96 +/-3 |
10.5 | 97 +/-3 |
27.2 | 96 +/-5 |
61.5 | 96 +/-5 |
For cocoon production:
Test 1 EC50 = 429.3 ug/g dw nonylphenol
Test 2 EC50 = 427.3 ug/g dw nonylphenol
For young worm production:
Test 1 EC50 = 422.2 ug/g dw nonylphenol
Test 2 EC50 = 417.8 ug/g dw nonylphenol
Study states that analytical measurements were generally within 20% of nominal concentrations but does not present actual data. It is not clear if the results were calculated based on nominal or actual concentrations. Overlying water concentrations were within 5 -20 ug/L NP, depending on sediment concentration.
Test 1 EC50 = 385 µg/g dw nonylphenol
Test 2 EC50 = 381 µg/g dw nonylphenol
Study states that analytical measurements were generally within 20% of nominal concentrations but does not present actual data. It is not clear if the results were calculated based on nominal or actual concentrations. Overlying water concentrations were within 5 -20 µg/L NP, depending on sediment concentration.
Description of key information
Read-across approach from nonylphenol.
Bettinetti and Provini (2002) provided 28 day EC10 = 231 mg nonylphenol/kg dw based on emergence. This value is the mean of two test results (203 and 259 mg/kg) dw.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC10, LC10 or NOEC for freshwater sediment:
- 231 mg/kg sediment dw
- EC10, LC10 or NOEC for marine water sediment:
- 61.5 mg/kg sediment dw
Additional information
Read Across
Studies on the toxicity of nonylphenol were included in using the read-across approach to meet data requirements for the toxicity of octylphenol to sediment organisms. Argumentations based on the structural similarity of the substances, their purity and the reliability of studies are the same as for the aquatic species and are provided below.
It has been determined according to this information that read-across from nonylphenol to octylphenol for toxicity to sediment organisms can be used for four reasons; (i) the two substances are considered analogue substances, (ii) the toxicities of the substances are similar, and (iii) the information is reliable and (iv) the substances tested were without impurities.
Structure
A structural analogue is a source chemical whose physico-chemical and toxicological properties are likely to be similar to the target chemical as a result of structural similarity. The structural similarity and similar properties between PTOP and NP support consideration of these substances as structural analogues for the purpose of read-across. Thus, endpoint information is read-across between structural analogues.
The similarity between PTOP and NP is based on their structural likeness (→similar chain length: eight and nine C-atoms for PTOP and NP, respectively) and their common functional group (→phenol group). PTOP and NP display very similar physico-chemical properties that determine environmental distribution and fate (e.g. molecular weight, partition coefficients such as log Kow, water solubility) and ecotoxic effects.
Toxicity
In the absence of reliable toxicity data for sediment organisms, the aquatic toxicity of the two substances was compared (data are summarised in the table below). The data for both short- and long-term toxicity are within the same orders of magnitude with comparable ranges of toxicity. It would be reasonable to assume that comparable ranges of toxicity between NP and PTOP would also be exhibited by sediment organisms. Accordingly, reliable NP sediment toxicity data are used to fill the data gap for PTOP sediment toxicity. Reliable data for nonylphenol toxicity to aquatic organisms is also used in the calculation of the PNECsedimentfor octylphenol.
A Comparison of Ecotoxicity Data for the Same Aquatic Species (where available) Exposed to NP and PTOP
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Species and Type of Test
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NP Toxicity Range (mg/L) |
PTOP Toxicity Range (mg/L) |
Ceriodaphnia sp. 48 hr L(E)C50 |
0.02 to 0.47 |
0.07 to 0.28 |
Americamysis bahia 96 hr LC50 |
0.043 to 0.06 |
0.048 to 0.113 |
Oncorhynchus mykiss 96 hr LC50 |
0.11 to 0.22 |
>0.1 |
Fundulus heteroclitus 96 hr LC50 |
0.26 to 5.44 |
0.29 to 3.86 |
Daphnia magna 21-d NOEC |
0.013 to 0.116 |
0.03 |
Fish NOEC |
>0.0019 to 0.078 |
0.012 to 0.035 |
Reliability, Adequacy and Accuracy of the Source Studies
All of the ecotoxicity studies used in the CSR were carried out in accordance with OECD or similar guidelines and scored a Klimisch I or II. In particular, the studies represented in the table above showed consistent results indicating that octylphenol is ecotoxic to aquatic organisms. These studies are considered to be reliable for use in read-across between NP and PTOP and the same argumentations of consistency and reliability are made for sediment data.
Evaluation of the purity and impurity profiles of the Test Substance
The purity of PTOP used in the key studies for ecotoxicological endpoints ranged from 98.97 to 100%. The purity of NP used in key studies was 85 to 100%, with all but one study being ≥90% purity. Impurities were not reported these ecotoxicity studies evaluated for the CSR. Because of the high purity of the test substance, impurities probably do have a negligible or no impact on the ecotoxicity of PTOP.
In summary, NP and PTOP are similar in structural composition and both exert similar short- and long-term toxic effects to aquatic organisms. The studies used to make these comparisons are highly reliable (Klimisch I or II) and the NP or PTOP test substance in toxicity studies were of high purity. Therefore, it is considered scientifically for sediment toxicity data relating to NP studies to be read-across to PTOP endpoints and used in PNECsedimentderivation.
Summary of the ecotoxicity data
A review of reports for nonylphenol exposure to sediment organisms resulted in selection of two reliable studies that included two freshwater organisms and one marine organism. The study of nonylphenol exposure to Chironomus riparius andTubifix tubifix in spiked sediment tests by Bettinetti and Provini (2002) was selected as the key study because it provided calculated EC10concentrations for endpoints derived from duplicate tests for more than one sediment organism. The EC10concentration is accepted as an equivalent substitute for the NOEC value, and has the added benefit of being a calculated response-based concentration rather than an estimate derived from the treatment dilution series. The average EC10concentration reported in the key study for inhibition of Chironomus riparius emergence was 231 nonylphenol/Kg dw, which was comparable to an average EC10concentration of 360 and 359 mg nonylphenol/Kg dw for production of cocoons and production of young worms, respectively, for Tubifix tubifix (Bettinetti and Provini 2002).
In supporting documents, the 28 -day NOEC for Leptocheirus plumulosus, a marine benthic crustacean, survival and reproduction from exposure to nonylphenol was reported by Zulkosky et al. (2002) to be >61.5 mg nonylphenol/Kg dw for both endpoints.
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