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EC number: 201-853-3 | CAS number: 88-72-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- significant methodological deficiencies
- Remarks:
- Basic data given. Restrictions of the method are: - Test period only 4 instead of 48h (represents only 8% of the in the OECD and other current guidelines suggested test period)-Temperature during the test was higher (25 °C) than the one suggested by OECD and other current guidelines (22 °C) - Yeast is not a standard food for Daphnia
- Justification for type of information:
- Due to methodological deficiencies, this study was rated with a Klimisch score of 3 (‘not reliable’). As none of the available studies can serve as a key study with a sufficiently detailed reporting justifying a Klimisch score of 1 or 2 for the given endpoint, several independent sources were used in a weight of evidence approach. ‘Using weight of evidence implies that no single study of sufficient quality and reliability exists, and that information from several independent sources is required to be able to reach a conclusion on a particular property of the substance.’ (guidance document How to prepare registration and PPORD dossiers, p. 87). Despite being considered not reliable (Klimisch 3), the experimental value obtained in this study still supports the WoE conclusion confirming that the EC50 is in the order of magnitude of the concluded key value.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- purity more than 98%, purchased from E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia pulex
- Details on test organisms:
- Daphnia (Daphnia pulex) was obtained from Plant Toxicology Department, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 4 h
- Test temperature:
- 25 ± 1°C
- pH:
- 6.6
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 4.9 mgL/L
- Salinity:
- hardness 215 mg/L as CaCO3
- Details on test conditions:
- Daphnia were fed with yeast in a 224 (diameter) x 46 (height)-cm circular plastic pool. Before the experiment, the test organisms were acclimatized in aquaria for 2 weeks under conditions similar to those under which the tests were performed.
Twenty daphnia, within 24 hr after hatching, were introduced in each 250-mL beaker containing 100 mL of test chemical solution with different concentrations. Adequate
concentrations of 2-nitrotoluene were prepared individually in duplicate for each test chemical. Mortality of daphnia was observed after an incubation period of 4 h. If the appropriate concentration for mortality was beyond the test range, the experiment was carried out once more with a more appropriate concentration. - Duration:
- 4 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 101.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- Restrictions of the method: - Test period only 4 instead of 48h -Temperature during the test was higher (25 °C) than 22 °C - Yeast is not a standard food for Daphnia
- Executive summary:
Yen, 2002: In a short-term toxicity test on Daphnia pulex an LC50 value of 1.012 mg/l after a 48-h exposure period was obtained for 2-nitrotoluene. After request, one of the authors (Wang 2003) communicated that the reported values are below the observed values by a factor of 100. Thus, the correct LC50 is 101.2 mg/l. Despite being considered not reliable (Klimisch 3, Restrictions of the method: - Test period only 4 instead of 48h -Temperature during the test was higher (25 °C) than 22 °C - Yeast is not a standard food for Daphnia), the experimental value obtained in this study still supports the WoE conclusion confirming that the EC50 is in the order of magnitude of the concluded key value.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- documentation insufficient for assessment
- Remarks:
- National Guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- Due to insufficient reporting of the experimental details, this study was rated with a Klimisch score of 4 (‘not assignable’). As none of the available studies can serve as a key study with a sufficiently detailed reporting justifying a Klimisch score of 1 or 2 for the given endpoint, several independent sources were used in a weight of evidence approach. ‘Using weight of evidence implies that no single study of sufficient quality and reliability exists, and that information from several independent sources is required to be able to reach a conclusion on a particular property of the substance.’ (guidance document How to prepare registration and PPORD dossiers, p. 87)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: protocol of the Dutch Standards Organisation, NEN 6501 (1980)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): 2-nitrotoluene
- Analytical purity: > 99% - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- - daphnids were fed on 1x10E8 cells/l of Chlorella pyrenoidosa
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 11 mg/L
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 5.6-18
- Details on results:
- CL=confidence limits
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Executive summary:
Maas-Diepeveen, 1986: In a short-term toxicity tests on crustaceans (D. magna) in analogy with the Dutch national standard method NEN6501 an LC50 value of 11 mg/l after a 2 days exposure period was obtained.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- other information
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- significant methodological deficiencies
- Remarks:
- The exposure time was too short (24 h instead of the required 48h)
- Justification for type of information:
- Due to methodological deficiencies, this study was rated with a Klimisch score of 3 (‘not reliable’). As none of the available studies can serve as a key study with a sufficiently detailed reporting justifying a Klimisch score of 1 or 2 for the given endpoint, several independent sources were used in a weight of evidence approach. ‘Using weight of evidence implies that no single study of sufficient quality and reliability exists, and that information from several independent sources is required to be able to reach a conclusion on a particular property of the substance.’ (guidance document How to prepare registration and PPORD dossiers, p. 87). Despite being considered not reliable (Klimisch 3), the experimental value obtained in this study still supports the WoE conclusion confirming that the EC50 is in the order of magnitude of the concluded key value.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Immobilization test according to Bringmann G, Kuehn R (1982)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): 2-Nitrotoluene
- Analytical purity: not specified - Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- - stock solution: test substance was dissolved by stirring in test medium
- pH did not change
- duplicate dilution series were prepared in test medium - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- - 10 daphnia (strain: IRCHA; = 24 h old) per concentration
- Test type:
- static
- Total exposure duration:
- 24 h
- Test temperature:
- 20°C
- pH:
- initial pH 8.0 +/- 0.2 (not adjusted during exposure)
- Dissolved oxygen:
- prior to testing test medium was aerated until oxygen saturation
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC0
- Effect conc.:
- 6.8 mg/L
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 16 mg/L
- Remarks on result:
- other: P 95%. 14-18
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC100
- Effect conc.:
- 26 mg/L
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Executive summary:
Bringmann and Kühn (1982) carried out an acute short test on Daphnia magna. The effects of 2-nitrotoluene were measured on 24-h individuals after 24-h exposure period. Following results are provided: an EC0 of 6.8 mg/l, an EC50 of 16 mg/l (14-18 mg/l) and an EC100 of 26 mg/l. This result has been included as additional information. Despite being considered not reliable (Klimisch 3, the exposure time was too short: 24 h instead of the required 48h), the experimental value obtained in this study still supports the WoE conclusion confirming that the EC50 is in the order of magnitude of the concluded key value.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- significant methodological deficiencies
- Remarks:
- The exposure time was too short (24 h instead of the required 48h)
- Justification for type of information:
- Due to methodological deficiencies, this study was rated with a Klimisch score of 3 (‘not reliable’). As none of the available studies can serve as a key study with a sufficiently detailed reporting justifying a Klimisch score of 1 or 2 for the given endpoint, several independent sources were used in a weight of evidence approach. ‘Using weight of evidence implies that no single study of sufficient quality and reliability exists, and that information from several independent sources is required to be able to reach a conclusion on a particular property of the substance.’ (guidance document How to prepare registration and PPORD dossiers, p. 87). Despite being considered not reliable (Klimisch 3), the experimental value obtained in this study still supports the WoE conclusion confirming that the EC50 is in the order of magnitude of the concluded key value.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Immobilization test according to Bringmann G, Kuehn R (1977)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): 2-Nitrotoluene
- Analytical purity: not specified - Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- - stock solution: test substance was dissolved by stirring in tap water
- pH did not change
- triple dilution series were prepared in tap water - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- - 10 daphnia (= 24 h old) per concentration
- Test type:
- static
- Total exposure duration:
- 24 h
- Test temperature:
- 20-22°C
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- 13 mg/L
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/L
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC100
- Effect conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Executive summary:
Bringmann and Kühn (1977) carried out an acute short test on Daphnia magna. The effects of 2-nitrotoluene were measured on 24-h individuals after 24-h exposure period. Following results are provided: an LC0 of 13 mg/l, an LC50 of 42 mg/l and an LC100 of 100 mg/l. This result has been included as additional information. Despite being considered not reliable (Klimisch 3, the exposure time was too short: 24 h instead of the required 48h), the experimental value obtained in this study still supports the WoE conclusion confirming that the EC50 is in the order of magnitude of the concluded key value.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- documentation insufficient for assessment
- Remarks:
- Guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- Due to insufficient reporting of the experimental details, this study was rated with a Klimisch score of 4 (‘not assignable’). As none of the available studies can serve as a key study with a sufficiently detailed reporting justifying a Klimisch score of 1 or 2 for the given endpoint, several independent sources were used in a weight of evidence approach. ‘Using weight of evidence implies that no single study of sufficient quality and reliability exists, and that information from several independent sources is required to be able to reach a conclusion on a particular property of the substance.’ (guidance document How to prepare registration and PPORD dossiers, p. 87)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): 2-nitrotoluene
- Analytical purity: >99%
- Supplier: Fluka AG (Buchs, Switzerland) - Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- - Stock solutions were made, 24 h before the experiments, directly in DSW (dutch standard water) and stirred until use.
- Test solutions were freshly prepared, by dilution of the stock solution in DSW, immediately before each test.
- 5 concentration levels (and one control) were tested with a dilution factor of 2.
- Test concentration ranges were attempted to be from 4xEC50 to EC50/4.
- The highest test concentrations were kept below solubility. - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- - Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 24 h
breeding:
- temperature: 20 ± 1 °C
- 12 h photoperiod
- dutch standard water (DSW)
- three times per week 2/3 of the water was renewed
- animals were fed daily with 6 ml of a Chlorella vulgaris solution
- young and dead animals were removed daily - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Test temperature:
- 18-20 °C (± 1 °C)
- pH:
- 8.0-8.3
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 8.1-9.7 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- - culture water (DSW) was used as test water
- test vessels: 50 ml beakers
- Photoperiod: 12 h
- animals were starved from 24 h before the tests until the end
- 10 daphnids (24 h-old) were exposed, in duplicate, to 40 ml test solution
- temperature, pH and oxygen levels were measured before and after each test solution renewal - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 13.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 12.0-14.5
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 12.3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 10.9-13.9
- Details on results:
- CL=confidence limits
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Executive summary:
Ramos et al. (1998) performed a toxicity tests according to the OECD guidelines for testing chemicals. The authors provided a 24h-EC50 of 13.2 mg/l (12.0 -14.5 mg/l) and a 48h-EC50 of 12.3 mg/l (10.9 -13.9 mg/l) on Daphnia magna.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- documentation insufficient for assessment
- Remarks:
- National Guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- Due to insufficient reporting of the experimental details, this study was rated with a Klimisch score of 4 (‘not assignable’). As none of the available studies can serve as a key study with a sufficiently detailed reporting justifying a Klimisch score of 1 or 2 for the given endpoint, several independent sources were used in a weight of evidence approach. ‘Using weight of evidence implies that no single study of sufficient quality and reliability exists, and that information from several independent sources is required to be able to reach a conclusion on a particular property of the substance.’ (guidance document How to prepare registration and PPORD dossiers, p. 87)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: protocol of the Dutch Standards Organisation, NEN 6501 (1980)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): 2-Nitrotoluene
- Analytical purity: not specified - Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- species: Daphnia magna
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): < 24 hours
- Feeding during test
- Food type: Chlorella pyrenoidosa - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Hardness:
- 200 mg/l as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 20 +/- 0.5°C
- pH:
- 8.4 +/- 0.1
- Dissolved oxygen:
- synthetic test medium was saturated with air prior to use
- Details on test conditions:
- - illumination: 12 h/d
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- IC50
- Effect conc.:
- 10.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- validity criteria were fulfilled during the test: - oxygen content of all solutions did not decrease below 7.9 mg/l (85%) - mortality in the controls never exceeded 10%
- Conclusions:
- In a short-term toxicity tests on crustaceans (D. magna) in analogy with the Dutch national standard method NEN6501 an IC50 (immobilisation) value of 10.9 mg/l after a 2 days exposure period was obtained.
- Executive summary:
Deneer et al., (1989) performed a 48-h immobilisation test for D. magna in static test conditions, according to the protocol of the Dutch Standards Organization, NEN 6501 (1980). During the tests, daphnids were fed with Chlorella pyrenidosa, which at the start of the experiments was present at a concentration of 1·108 cells/l. All daphnids used were <24 hours old at the beginning of the experiments. A 48h-EC50 of 10.9 mg/l was determined. Another value of 21d-IC50 of 7.4 mg/l for Daphnia magna was also established.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- documentation insufficient for assessment
- Remarks:
- Comparable to guideline study, Basic data given
- Justification for type of information:
- Due to insufficient reporting of the experimental details, this study was rated with a Klimisch score of 4 (‘not assignable’). As none of the available studies can serve as a key study with a sufficiently detailed reporting justifying a Klimisch score of 1 or 2 for the given endpoint, several independent sources were used in a weight of evidence approach. ‘Using weight of evidence implies that no single study of sufficient quality and reliability exists, and that information from several independent sources is required to be able to reach a conclusion on a particular property of the substance.' (guidance document How to prepare registration and PPORD dossiers, p. 87)
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Version / remarks:
- => proposal to short-term toxicity tests performed on crustaceans (Daphnia magna) (1979)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): 2-Nitrotoluene
- Analytical purity: >99.5
- Supplier: Fluka AG - Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- All test results were corrected for the actual concentration during the test.
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 5.4 mg/L
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 8.8 mg/L
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- In a short-term toxicity tests on crustaceans (D. magna) in analogy with the OECD 202 proposal (1979) an EC 50 (immobilisation) value of 5.4 mg/l after 48h-exposure period was obtained.
- Executive summary:
Canton et al. (1985) carried out short-term toxicity tests on crustaceans (D. magna) in analogy with the OECD 202 proposal (1979). The authors provided a LC50 (immobilisation) and an EC 50 (immobilisation) value of 8.8 mg/l and 5.4 mg/l respectively after a 48h-exposure period.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
In order to fulfill the data requirements a weight of evidence (WoE) approach (REACh Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006, Annex XI Section 1.2) was chosen. This approach is a possible adaptation to the standard information requirements which ‘should be undertaken to maximise the use of existing data and minimise the commissioning of new in vivo testing’ (ECHA Guidance R.7a, 2017, p. 364). The WoE approach serves to reduce or avoid animal testing, which should only be performed as last resort (REACh, article 25). The individual study reports were conducted in accordance with standardized guidelines. The study reports nevertheless show some deficiencies with respect to the comprehensiveness of the presented experimental details. Therefore, a reliability of 1 or 2 and thus adequacy as key study was not assignable for any of the individual studies. Consequently, the studies were assigned a Klimisch score of 4 (according to guidance document R.4, ‘not assignable: studies or data […] which do not give sufficient experimental details […]). Collectively, these experimental studies can be used to conclude on this endpoint and to satisfy the information requirement. The studies by Bringmann et al. were part of the BUA report 1989 and EU risk assessment 2008 which are regarded as peer-reviewed source.
The following studies were chosen for WoE:
Canton et al. (1985) carried out short-term toxicity tests on crustaceans (D. magna) in analogy with the OECD 202 proposal (1979). The authors provided a LC50 (immobilisation) and an EC 50 (immobilisation) value of 8.8 mg/l and 5.4 mg/l respectively after a 48h exposure period. The study was also cited in the BUA report 1989.
Deneer et al. (1989) performed a 48-h immobilisation test for D. magna in static test conditions, according to the protocol of the Dutch Standards Organization, NEN 6501 (1980). During the tests, daphnids were fed with Chlorella pyrenidosa, which at the start of the experiments was present at a concentration of 1·108 cells/l. All daphnids used were <24 hours old at the beginning of the experiments. A 48h-EC50 of 10.9 mg/l was determined. Another value of 21d-IC50 of 7.4 mg/l for Daphnia magna was also established.
Ramos et al. (1998) performed a toxicity tests according to the OECD guidelines for testing chemicals. The authors provided a 24h-EC50 of 13.2 mg/l (12.0 -14.5 mg/l) and a 48h-EC50 of 12.3 mg/l (10.9 -13.9 mg/l) on Daphnia magna.
Maas-Diepeveen et al. (1986): In a short-term toxicity tests on crustaceans (D. magna) in analogy with the Dutch national standard method NEN6501 an LC50 value of 11 mg/l after a 2 days exposure period was obtained.
Yen, 2002: In a short-term toxicity test on Daphnia pulex an LC50 value of 1.012 mg/l after a 4-h exposure period was obtained for 2-nitrotoluene. After request, one of the authors (Wang 2003) communicated that the reported values are below the observed values by a factor of 100. Thus, the correct 4h-LC50 is 101.2 mg/l. Despite being considered not reliable (Klimisch 3, Restrictions of the method: - Test period only 4 instead of 48h -Temperature during the test was higher (25 °C) than 22 °C - Yeast is not a standard food for Daphnia), the experimental value obtained in this study still supports the WoE conclusion confirming that the EC50 is in the order of magnitude of the concluded key value.
The results obtained by Bringmann and Kühn (1977 and 1982) were included in the WoE approach despite being considered not reliable (Klimisch 3, the exposure time was too short: 24 h instead of the required 48h) due to methodological deficiencies. The experimental values obtained in these studies still support the WoE conclusion confirming that the EC50 is in the order of magnitude of the concluded key value.
Bringmann and Kühn (1977) carried out an acute short test on Daphnia magna. The effects of 2-nitrotoluene were measured on 24-h individuals after 24-h exposure period. Following results are provided: an LC0 of 13 mg/l, an LC50 of 42 mg/l and an LC100 of 100 mg/l. This result has been included as additional information.
Bringmann and Kühn (1982) carried out an acute short test on Daphnia magna. The effects of 2-nitrotoluene were measured on 24-h individuals after 24-h exposure period. Following results are provided: an EC0 of 6.8 mg/l, an EC50 of 16 mg/l (14-18 mg/l) and an EC100 of 26 mg/l.
Conclusion
The EC50 values obtained from these studies are in a similar order of magnitude (48h EC50/LC50 range: 5.4-12.3 mg/L; 24h EC50: 16-42 mg/L). The most conservative 48h-EC50 value (immobilization) of 5.4 mg/L (Canton, 1985) is chosen as key value for assessment.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect concentration:
- 5.4 mg/L
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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