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EC number: 249-528-5 | CAS number: 29232-93-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: short-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- May 1993 to Jul 1993
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 207 (Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests)
- Version / remarks:
- April 1984
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: C(L1)4 Toxicity for Earthworms Artificial Soil Test, Revision 6
- Version / remarks:
- prepared for Annex V of EEC Directive 79/83
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- acetone
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- PREPARATION OF TEST SOLUTIONS
The 10 mg ai/kg treatment was included to increase the chances that a NOEL would be determined in the definitive test. The doses were prepared in 50 mL of acetone tor application to 2.5 kg (dry weight equivalents) of artificial soil. The control comprised 50 mL of acetone.
APPLICATION AND INCORPORATION OF TEST SOLUTIONS IN ARTIFICIAL SOIL
The weighed artificial soil was spread out on a 46 cm x 57 cm piece of 'Benchkote' and placed in a fume cupboard. The prepared solution was sprayed onto the surface through a fan jet. The soil was left at room temperature until the acetone had evaporated from the soil surface (1-2 hours), and then poured into a food mixer bowl. The soil was mixed for two minutes by a heavy duty food mixer to evenly incorporate the test substance into the soil. Deionised water was then added to bring the moisture content of the soil up to 50% and mixing continued for a further two minutes. Soil aliquots (750 g fresh weight) were weighed out into 1 L glass beakers. For the initial test, E. foetida were exposed in two aliquots (replicates) of treated soil and for the definitive test, four aliquots of soil per treatment. - Test organisms (species):
- Eisenia fetida
- Animal group:
- annelids
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Earthworm
- Cultivation: Cultured in bulb fibre compost at the test facility
- Arrived date: 9 May 1990 (cultured in a controlled environment room since arrival)
- Weight at test initiation: 0.42 ± 0.04 g - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- artificial soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 14 d
- Test temperature:
- 20 ± 2 °C
- pH:
- 6.0 ± 0.3
- Moisture:
- 50 ± 8%
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container: 1 L glass beaker
- Amount of soil or substrate: 750 g fresh weight
- No. of organisms per container: 10
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 4
- No. of replicates per vehicle control: 4
- No. of replicates per reference substance concentration: 4
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
The test artificial soil was a mixture of the following ingredients in oven (approximately 105 °C) dry weight proportions:
- % sand: 70% fine silica sand (Grade 110)
- % peat: 10% peat (Shamrock Moss) organic matter 97.7%
- % clay: 20% kaolinite clay (GTY Powder)
- CaCO3: Calcium carbonate was incorporated into the soil at 5 g/kg. Ingredients, in their natural fresh weight form, were mixed in a rotary cement mixer.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: Continuously
- Light intensity: 750-1,000 lux (via six sluorescent white tubes)
- Addition to test earthworms: The test earthworms had been preconditioned in untreated artificial soil (50% moisture content) for the previous 24 hours before adding to the test container. The E. foetida were placed on the surtace of the soil between 1 and 2 hours after chemical treatment, and transparent plastic film was placed over the top to prevent them from escaping. Six small holes were made in the transparent plastic film to allow ventilation.
- Moisture contents: Measured at the beginning and end of the tests. Moisture contents were maintained by surtace watering with deionised water.
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED
- Weight: Each batch of ten E. foetida was weighed so that any weight change at the end of the exposure period could be measured. The mean weight and standard deviation of E. foetida used in the test was determined from these weighings.
- Mortality: E. foetida were assessed for mortality and any abnormal behavioural effects after 14 days in the initial test and after 7 and 14 days in the definitive test. The soil was tipped onto a clean surtace and E. foetida were recorded as dead if there was no response to a mechanical stimulus of their front end. Any E. foetida not found after careful searching of the soil were assumed to be dead.
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: Yes
RANGE FINDING STUDY
- Test concentrations: The test substance has a low solubility in water. The solutions of the test material were, therefore, prepared in acetone by serial dilution and made up to 25 mL tor application to the artificial soil. 25 mL of acetone was used for the preparation of the control soil. The solutions were applied to 1.25 kg (dry weight equivalents) of artificial soil. Soil concentrations were 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1,000 mg ai/kg artificial soil (dry weight).
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: The result indicated that the LC50 was between 100 and 1,000 mg ai/kg. Thus, the test concentrations for the definitive test were10, 100, 180, 320, 560 and 1,000 mg ai/kg. - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentration: 0 (vehicle control), 10, 100, 180, 320, 560 and 1000 mg ai/kg soil dw.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- 2-chloroacetamide
- Key result
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 419 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: mortality and body weight
- Details on results:
- An overview of the results is provided in Table 1 - Table 3 in 'Any other information on results incl. tables'.
- Mortality: After 14 days exposure, all tested organisms survived in the control, 10 and 100 mg ai/kg soil dw treated groups. There was one earthworm dead in replicate 1 beaker in 180 mg ai/kg soil dw treated group and all other organisms survived. The number of dead worms in the 320 mg ai/kg soil dw treated groups were 2, 7, 1 and 4 in replicate 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The number of dead worms in the 560 mg ai/kg soil dw treated groups were 9, 4, 5 and 10 in replicate 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The number of dead worms in the 1000 mg ai/kg soil dw treated groups were 9, 9,10 and 10 in replicate 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.
- Bodyweight: After 14 days exposure, the mean final bodyweight of the control was 4.69 g. The final bodyweight of 10, 100, 180, 320, 560 and 1000 mg ai/kg soil dw were 4.90, 2.75, 2.89, 2.06, 2.25 and 2.20g respectively.
There were no deaths, effects on external condition or behaviour or significant bodyweight changes (P = 5%) at 10 mg ai/kg soil dw. Hence, NOEL was at least 10 mg ai/kg soil dw. There were high bodyweight losses in all groups of surviving earthworms at and above the 100 mg ai/kg soil concentration. The LC50 was determined to be 419 mg ai/kg soil dw. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- After 14 days exposure, all tested organisms survived in the control, 18 and 32 mg chloroacetamide/kg soil dw treated groups. The number of dead worms in the 56 mg chloroacetamide/kg soil dw treated groups were 9, 9, 9 and 10 in replicate 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.
After 14 days exposure, the mean final bodyweight of the control was 4.69 g. The final bodyweight of control, 18 and 32 mg chloroacetamide/kg soil dw were 4.13, 4.87 and 4.78 g respectively. For the 56 mg/kg soil dw treated group, only one worm survived which was deemed to be insufficient to calculate the bodyweight change of ten worms. Based on the findings, the LC50 value for chloroacetamide, tested as a toxic standard, was 43 mg/kg soil dw. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- See Statistical analysis in 'Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables'.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Based on the findings, the LC50 of the test substance was determined to be 419 ai/kg soil dry weight, and the NOEC was determined to be 10 mg a.i./kg soil dry weight.
- Executive summary:
A laboratory study was conducted to determine the acute toxicity of the test substance to earthworms (Eisenia foetida). The study was conducted in accordance with OECD TG 207 and in compliance with GLP criteria. The study was performed with six test concentrations (10, 100, 180, 320, 560 and 1000 mg a.i./kg soil dw) and a solvent control group (acetone). Chloroacetamide was used as toxic standard (nominal concentrations were control, 18, 32 and 56 mg/kg soil dw). Four replicates were used per test concentration, each replicate containing ten organisms. The test substrate was an artificial soil prepared with 70% sand, 20% kaolin and 10% peat. The test was conducted under continuous 750 – 1000 lux light intensity and at a temperature of 20 ± 2 °C. Mortality and body weight was recorded throughout the study.
After 14 days, all organisms survived in the control, 10 and 100 mg a.i./kg soil dw treatment groups. The number of dead worms in the 320 mg ai/kg soil dw treated groups were 2, 7, 1 and 4 in replicate 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The number of dead worms in the 560 mg ai/kg soil dw treated groups were 9, 4, 5 and 10 in replicate 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The number of dead worms in the 1000 mg ai/kg treated groups were 9, 9,10 and 10 in replicate 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The mean final bodyweight of the control was 4.69 g. The final bodyweight of 10, 100, 180, 320, 560 and 1000 mg ai/kg soil were 4.90, 2.75, 2.89, 2.06, 2.25 and 2.20g respectively. Based on the findings, the LC50 of the test substance was determined to be 419 mg ai/kg soil dry weight, and the NOEC was determined to be 10 mg a.i./kg soil dry weight.
Reference
Table 1. Number of dead and weight of live E. foetida after 14 days exposure to the test substance in artificial soil.
Concentration in soil (mg ai/kg) |
Replicate |
Numbers dead out of 10 |
Weight of 10 organisms |
|||
7 days |
14 days |
Day 0 |
Day 14 |
% change |
||
Control |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4.40 |
4.83 |
+9.8 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
3.84 |
4.7 |
+22.4 |
|
3 |
0 |
0 |
3.62 |
4.45 |
+22.9 |
|
4 |
0 |
0 |
4.22 |
4.78 |
+13.3 |
|
10 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4.62 |
5.08 |
+10 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
4.59 |
5.22 |
+13.7 |
|
3 |
0 |
0 |
4.05 |
4.53 |
+11.9 |
|
4 |
0 |
0 |
4.31 |
4.75 |
+10.2 |
|
100 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4.34 |
3.05 |
-29.7 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
3.92 |
2.34 |
-40.3 |
|
3 |
0 |
0 |
4.25 |
2.54 |
-40.2 |
|
4 |
0 |
0 |
3.94 |
3.06 |
-22.3 |
|
180 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
4.44 |
3.07a |
-30.9 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
4.45 |
2.96 |
-33.5 |
|
3 |
0 |
0 |
4.95 |
3.09 |
-37.6 |
|
4 |
0 |
0 |
4.13 |
2.42 |
-41.4 |
|
320 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
3.97 |
2.38 |
-10.1 |
2 |
4 |
7 |
3.88 |
1.80a |
-53.6 |
|
3 |
1 |
1 |
4.14 |
2.19a |
-47.1 |
|
4 |
3 |
4 |
3.53 |
1.88a |
-46.7 |
|
560 |
1 |
5 |
9 |
4.16 |
1.6a |
-61.5 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
3.95 |
2.07a |
-47.6 |
|
3 |
3 |
5 |
4.51 |
3.08a |
-31.7 |
|
4 |
8 |
10 |
3.97 |
- |
- |
|
1000 |
1 |
6 |
9 |
4.58 |
2.50a |
-45.4 |
2 |
5 |
9 |
4.78 |
1.90a |
-60.0 |
|
3 |
5 |
10 |
3.58 |
- |
- |
|
4 |
7 |
10 |
4.10 |
- |
- |
a.Where mortality occurred, the final weight and the percentage weight change were adjusted for the dead earthworms using the following calculation:
Final weight tor 10 worms (g) = Weight of remaining worms (g) x (No. Exposed (10)/No. surviving)
Table 2. Number of dead and weight of liv eE. foetida after 14 days exposure to 2-chloroacetamlde in artificial soil.
Chloroacetamide Goncentration in Soil (mg kg-1) |
Replicate |
Numbers dead out of 10 |
Weight of 10 E. foetida (g) |
|||
7 days |
14 days |
Start Day 0 |
Finish Day 14 |
% Change |
||
Control |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4.16 |
3.92 |
-5.8 |
2 |
0a |
0a |
4.86 |
4.51 |
-7.2 |
|
3 |
0 |
0 |
4.22 |
4.06 |
-3.8 |
|
4 |
0 |
0 |
4.06 |
4.02 |
-1.0 |
|
18 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4.69 |
5.16 |
+10.0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
4.38 |
4.82 |
+10.0 |
|
3 |
0 |
0 |
4.37 |
4.77 |
+9.2 |
|
4 |
0 |
0 |
4.19 |
4.73 |
+12.9 |
|
32 |
1 |
0 |
0c |
4.22 |
4.22 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
4.49 |
4.72 |
+5.1 |
|
3 |
0 |
0 |
4.82 |
5.26 |
+9.1 |
|
4 |
0 |
0 |
4.69 |
4.93 |
+5.1 |
|
56 |
1 |
9 |
9 |
4.52 |
-d |
- |
2 |
9b |
9b |
4.27 |
-d |
- |
|
3 |
9 |
9 |
3.84 |
-d |
- |
|
4 |
10 |
10 |
4.33 |
- |
- |
a. One affected worm: body lesion, possible mechanical damage.
b. One affected worm: uncoordinated and had lost rear segments.
c. One affected worm: .had lost rear segments.
d. Only one worm survived which was deemed to be insufficient to calculate the bodyweight change of ten worms, and therefore a percentage bodyweight change was not recorded.
Table 3. Treatment means of E. foetida bodywelghts after 14 days exposure to the test substance in artificial soil.
Treatment |
Mean Adjusted Final Bodyweights and (Standard Errors) for Groups of 10 Earthworms (g) |
Control |
4.85 (0.13) |
10 mg ai/kg |
4.80 (0.12) |
100 mg ai/kg |
2.84 (0.12)a |
180 mg ai/kg |
2.72 (0.13)a |
a. Significantly different from the control (P = 5%)
Description of key information
14-d LC50 = 419 mg a.i./kg soil dw, Eisenia foetida, OECD TG 207, Coulson et al., 1993
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Short-term EC50 or LC50 for soil macroorganisms:
- 419 mg/kg soil dw
Additional information
A laboratory study was conducted to determine the acute toxicity of the test substance to earthworms (Eisenia foetida). The study was conducted in accordance with OECD TG 207 and in compliance with GLP criteria. The study was performed with six test concentrations (10, 100, 180, 320, 560 and 1000 mg a.i./kg soil dw) and a solvent control group (acetone). Chloroacetamide was used as toxic standard (nominal concentrations were control, 18, 32 and 56 mg/kg soil dw). Four replicates were used per test concentration, each replicate containing ten organisms. The test substrate was an artificial soil prepared with 70% sand, 20% kaolin and 10% peat. The test was conducted under continuous 750 – 1000 lux light intensity and at a temperature of 20 ± 2 °C. Mortality and body weight was recorded throughout the study.
After 14 days, all organisms survived in the control, 10 and 100 mg a.i./kg soil dw treatment groups. The number of dead worms in the 320 mg ai/kg soil dw treated groups were 2, 7, 1 and 4 in replicate 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The number of dead worms in the 560 mg ai/kg soil dw treated groups were 9, 4, 5 and 10 in replicate 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The number of dead worms in the 1000 mg ai/kg treated groups were 9, 9,10 and 10 in replicate 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The mean final bodyweight of the control was 4.69 g. The final bodyweight of 10, 100, 180, 320, 560 and 1000 mg ai/kg soil were 4.90, 2.75, 2.89, 2.06, 2.25 and 2.20g respectively. Based on the findings, the LC50 of the test substance was determined to be 419 mg ai/kg soil dry weight, and the NOEC was determined to be 10 mg a.i./kg soil dry weight.
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