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EC number: 201-167-4 | CAS number: 79-01-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological information
Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
Currently viewing:
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: GLP compliant guideline study, no restrictions, fully adequate for assessment
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 001
- Report date:
- 2001
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 006
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPPTS 870.3700 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Directive 87/302/EEC: Teratogenicity Test – Rodent and Non-Rodent Species
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: s Japan MAFF Toxicity Testing Guidelines for Teratogenicity Studies
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Trichloroethylene
- EC Number:
- 201-167-4
- EC Name:
- Trichloroethylene
- Cas Number:
- 79-01-6
- Molecular formula:
- C2HCl3
- IUPAC Name:
- 1,1,2-trichloroethene
- Reference substance name:
- trichloroethene
- IUPAC Name:
- trichloroethene
- Details on test material:
- Trichloroethylene was obtained from the Dow Chemical Company (Freeport, TX). A purity of 99.0 +/- 0.05% was established via an area gas chromatographic procedure. Infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed the structure and chemical identity.
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Trichloroethylene was obtained from the Dow Chemical Company (Freeport, TX). A purity of 99.0 +/- 0.05% was established via an area gas chromatographic procedure. Infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed the structure and chemical identity.
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Crj: CD(SD)
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories
- Housing: mated females were housed singly in stainless-steel wire mesh cages
- Diet: ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-24
- Humidity (%): 40-60
- Air changes (per hr): 12-15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: vapour
- Type of inhalation exposure (if applicable):
- whole body
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- Animals were exposed in 2-cubic-meter stainless steel and glass Rochester-style exposure chambers under dynamic airflow conditions. Chamber airflow was maintained at approximately 450 liters per minute (L/min), which was sufficient to provide 12-15 air changes per hour and thus maintain normal concentrations of oxygen. The various concentrations of TCE were generated using a glass J-tube method (Miller et al., 1980). Compressed air and TCE vapors were diluted and mixed with room air.
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The concentrations TCE were measured twice per hour with a Miran 1A infrared spectrometer (Foxboro/Wilks, South Norwalk, CT) at a wavelength of 11.85 micrometer. A PC-based data acquisition and control system was used (CAMILE TG, Camile products, LLD, Indianapolis, IN) to calculate and store the TCE chamber concentrations.
- Details on mating procedure:
- Virgin female rats were mated overnight at the supplier with male rats (one female to one male). The day on which evidence of positive copulation was established was documented as GD 0.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- day 6-20 of gestation
- Frequency of treatment:
- 6 hours/day, 7 days/week
- Duration of test:
- 21 days
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 50 ppm (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 150 ppm (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 600 ppm (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 27
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale:
maternal toxicity at highest dose,
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): Random assignment to groups
-
Examinations
- Maternal examinations:
- Maternal necropsies were performed on GD 21. Dams were evaluated for clinical signs, body weight and feed consumption. Liver and kidney weights were measured.
- Ovaries and uterine content:
- On the scheduled day of euthanasia each surviving female underwent a gross necropsy where gravid uterine weights were recorded, along with the number of corpora lutea, uterine implantations, resorptions, and live/dead fetuses.
- Blood sampling:
- Not examined
- Fetal examinations:
- All fetuses were weighed, sexed, and examined for external alterations. Fetuses were examined under blind conditions. Approximately one half of the fetuses were examined for visceral alterations, which were done using the fresh in situ examination ("Staple's") technique (Staples, 1974; Stuckhardt and Poppe, 1984). The study also employed free-hand sectioning of the fetal head as part of the visceral examination. Skeletal examinations were conducted on the remaining fetuses in each litter following staining with Alizarin Red Sand Alcian Blue for identification of bone and cartilage, respectively (McLeod, 1980; Kimmel and Trammel, 1981; Webb and Byrd, 1994).
- Statistics:
- The litter was used as the statistical unit for analysis for litter/fetal data. Continuous data were tested in both studies for homogeneity of variance using Bartlett's test at alpha = 0.01 (Bartlett, 1937). In this study, the raw data were tested. Based on the results of Bartlett'stest, data were analyzed using either parametric or nonparametric tests. Analysis of variance was used, followed by a Dunnett's test (Winer, 1971), or followed by a Bonferroni corrected Wilcoxon Rank Sum test (Miller, 1966). For the TCE study, frequency of pre-implantation loss, resorptions per litter, resorptions per fetal population, and fetal variations and malformations were analyzed using a censored Wilcoxon test with Bonferroni's correction. In addition, pregnancy rates were analyzed using the Fisher's exact probability test (Siegel, 1956) with Bonferroni's correction. Fetal sex ratios were analyzed using a binomial distribution test (Steel and Torrie, 1960).
Results and discussion
Results: maternal animals
General toxicity (maternal animals)
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- 22% decrease in body weight gain in the first 3 days of exposure at 600 ppm
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Endocrine findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Observed differences between groups were minor, not beyond historical control, and/or not dose responsive.
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Neuropathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Details on results:
- All rats survived to scheduled maternal necropsy, no clinical observations were noted that could be attributed to treatment.
No statistically significant differences in mean body weight or feed consumption were noted between the treated groups and the control. At 600 ppm, mean body weight gain was reduced by 22% during the first 3 days of dosing (GD 6-9) and found to be statistically significant. No other significant body weight changes were noted at 600 ppm, or the remaining dose levels (50 and 150 ppm) of TCE. No statistically identified differences in feed consumption were found for any TCE treatment group, as compared to the control. Anatomic pathology revealed slightly increased relative kidney weight (~6% increase at 0.521 and 0.525 g/100, respectively) at 50 and 600 ppm TCE, which was statistically identified; however, these changes were not considered treatment related as they were within the historical control range (0.458-0.530 g/100) and lacked a dose-response relationship. A slight (~6%) increase in relative liver weight at 600 ppm. TCE was statistically identified, with the value just barely outside the historical control range (3.455-3.872g/100). As liver weights at the low dose were higher than at the middle dose, the degree of change at the high dose was small, and in consideration of previous toxicity data, this change was most likely spurious.
At necropsy no gross maternal observations were noted in any of the TCE treatment groups. No significant differences were observed for pregnancy rates, number of corpora lutea, implantations, viable fetuses per litter, percent pre- and post-implantation loss, resorption rates, fetal sex ratios, or gravid uterine weights in rats exposed to any dose level of TCE. An increase in mean male fetal body weight at 150 ppm was noted and statistically identified, but this was not considered test article related, as no such effect was observed at the high-dose level (600 ppm) of TCE.
Maternal developmental toxicity
- Number of abortions:
- no effects observed
- Pre- and post-implantation loss:
- no effects observed
- Total litter losses by resorption:
- no effects observed
- Early or late resorptions:
- no effects observed
- Dead fetuses:
- no effects observed
- Changes in pregnancy duration:
- no effects observed
- Changes in number of pregnant:
- no effects observed
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:yes
Details on maternal toxic effects:
All rats survived to scheduled maternal necropsy, no clinical observations were noted that could be attributed to treatment.
No statistically significant differences in mean body weight or feed consumption were noted between the treated groups and the control. At 600 ppm, mean body weight gain was reduced by 22% during the first 3 days of dosing (GD 6-9) and found to be statistically significant. No other significant body weight changes were noted at 600 ppm, or the remaining dose levels (50 and 150 ppm) of TCE. No statistically identified differences in feed consumption were found for any TCE treatment group, as compared to the control. Anatomic pathology revealed slightly increased relative kidney weight (~6% increase at 0.521 and 0.525 g/100, respectively) at 50 and 600 ppm TCE, which was statistically identified; however, these changes were not considered treatment related as they were within the historical control range (0.458-0.530 g/100) and lacked a dose-response relationship. A slight (~6%) increase in relative liver weight at 600 ppm. TCE was statistically identified, with the value just barely outside the historical control range (3.455-3.872g/100). As liver weights at the low dose were higher than at the middle dose, the degree of change at the high dose was small, and in consideration of previous toxicity data, this change was most likely spurious.
At necropsy no gross maternal observations were noted in any of the TCE treatment groups. No significant differences were observed for pregnancy rates, number of corpora lutea, implantations, viable fetuses per litter, percent pre- and post-implantation loss, resorption rates, fetal sex ratios, or gravid uterine weights in rats exposed to any dose level of TCE. An increase in mean male fetal body weight at 150 ppm was noted and statistically identified, but this was not considered test article related, as no such effect was observed at the high-dose level (600 ppm) of TCE.
Effect levels (maternal animals)
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 150 ppm (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
Results (fetuses)
- Fetal body weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Reduction in number of live offspring:
- no effects observed
- Changes in sex ratio:
- no effects observed
- Changes in litter size and weights:
- no effects observed
- Anogenital distance of all rodent fetuses:
- no effects observed
- Changes in postnatal survival:
- no effects observed
- External malformations:
- no effects observed
- Skeletal malformations:
- no effects observed
- Visceral malformations:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- not examined
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
There were no statistically identified differences in the incidence of fetal malformations or variations in any of the TCE treatment groups, as compared to the control. One control fetus showed multiple cardiac malformations, consisting of a right-sided arotic arch, along with missing carotid and subclavian arteries. No fetal malformations were identified at 50 ppm. At 150 ppm, there was one fetus with dilated cerebral ventricles, without atrophy of brain tissue. At 600 ppm, one fetus was identified with cutis laxa (a condition of redundant, loosely adherent skin; also called cutis laxis) and another fetus was identified with unilateral anophthalmia. As these alterations occurred in single fetuses, without a clearly defined dose-response relationship, they were not considered toxicologically meaningful.
Effect levels (fetuses)
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 600 ppm (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- reduction in number of live offspring
- changes in sex ratio
- fetal/pup body weight changes
- changes in litter size and weights
- changes in postnatal survival
- external malformations
- skeletal malformations
- visceral malformations
Fetal abnormalities
open allclose all
Overall developmental toxicity
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- no
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 600 ppm (nominal)
- Treatment related:
- no
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Maternal Toxicity was reflected in a 22% lower body weight gain see in the first 3 days of exposure to 600 ppm.
There were no signs of developmental toxicity among any treatment group. - Executive summary: