Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 203-826-1 | CAS number: 111-02-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Carcinogenicity
Administrative data
Description of key information
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Carcinogenicity: via oral route
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
Justification for classification or non-classification
Additional information
Squalene was painted in undiluted form six times weekly for a total of 25 times on the backs of 16 C57B1 mice (the total dose was 1.3 g per mouse). Eight mice survived 100 days, but five of them developed “lymphocytic type of tumors” between days 272 and 849. Tumors were primarily found in the thymus and mesentary of the thymus. Metastases and/or lymphocytic invasions were detected in the peripheral lymph glands, lungs, spleen, liver, and kidneys.[1] This study needs confirmation.
A 20% solution of Squalene in decahydronaphthalene (Decalin) was applied as a tumor promoter twice weekly to the skin of male C3H mice which had been initiated once with 240 ug of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). After 30 weeks of application, two out of 12 mice developed malignant skin tumors. In the control group, where 100 percent decahydronaphthalene was used as a promoter, two out of 15 mice developed benign skin tumours [2].
In a skin painting study, both freshly purified and “aged” Squalene (compound that had been exposed to open air at 37 “C for four weeks) were painted three times weekly for 14 weeks in undiluted form on the backs of C57B1 and C57BR mice. No skin tumors developed. When a similar procedure was used to paint fresh and “aged” Squalene in combination with 0.3% 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MCA), each form of the compound was determined to be inactive as a cocarcinogen. When 0.3% 3-MCA in Squalene was “aged” by being left to stand for four weeks in the open air at 37 OC, 3-MCA lost its carcinogenic effect on mouse skin. According to the authors, these observations suggest that Squalene in human sebum may play a protective role against hydrocarbon carcinogens.[3][4]
[1] KRONINC, F. (1959). The induction of leukemia in C,,B1 mice after painting the dorsal skin with shortchain fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and with squalene. Acta Unio. Intern. contra Cancrum 15, 619-26.
[2] HORTON, A.W., ESHLEMAN, D.N., SCHUFF, A.R., and PERMAN, W.H. (1976). Correlation of cocarcinogenic activity among n-alkalines with their physical effects on phospholipid micelles. J. Nat. Can. Inst. 56(2), 387-91.
[3] SOBEL, H. and MARMORSTON, J. (1956). The possible role of squalene as a protective agent in sebum. Cancer Res. 16, 500-3.
[4] SOBEL, H., MARMORSTON, I., WRIGHT, E.G., and GARCIA, E. (1957). Determination of squalene in sebum from the forehead of patients with skin cancer. J. Invest. Dermatol. 29, 269-71.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.