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Diss Factsheets

Toxicological information

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

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Administrative data

Endpoint:
in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
data from handbook or collection of data
Justification for type of information:
Data is from peer reviewed publication

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
publication
Title:
Salmonella Mutagenicity Tests: V. Results from the Testing of 311 Chemicals
Author:
Errol Zeiger, Beth Anderson, Steve Haworth, Timothy Lawlor, and Kristien Mortelmans
Year:
1992
Bibliographic source:
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis Volume 19, Supplement 21 :2-141 (1992)

Materials and methods

Test guideline
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Gene mutation toxicity study was performed to evaluate the mutagenic nature of Methyl succinic acid
GLP compliance:
not specified
Type of assay:
bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
2-methylsuccinic acid
Cas Number:
498-21-5
Molecular formula:
C5H8O4
IUPAC Name:
2-methylsuccinic acid
Details on test material:
- Name of test material: Methyl succinic acid
- IUPAC name: 2-methylsuccinic acid
- Molecular formula: C5H8O4
- Molecular weight: 132.1142 g/mol
- Substance type: Organic
Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Name of test material: Methyl succinic acid
- IUPAC name: 2-methylsuccinic acid
- Molecular formula: C5H8O4
- Molecular weight: 132.1142 g/mol
- Substance type: Organic
- Physical state: No data
- Purity: Vendor’s purity: 99% Analyzed purity: approx. 97%
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): No data

Method

Target gene:
Histidine
Species / strain
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium, other: TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA97, TA98
Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
Not applicable
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
not specified
Cytokinesis block (if used):
No data
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
The S-9 (9,000 x g supernatant) fractions of Aroclor 1254-induced, male Sprague-Dawley rat and male Syrian hamster livers
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
0, 100, 333, 1000, 3333, 6666 or 10000 µg/plate
Vehicle / solvent:
- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: Water
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: The test chemical was soluble in Water
Controls
Untreated negative controls:
not specified
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
Water
True negative controls:
not specified
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
9-aminoacridine
sodium azide
other: 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (TA98 and TA1538; Without S9); 2-aminoanthracene (With S9; all strains)
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
METHOD OF APPLICATION: preincubation

DURATION
- Preincubation period: 20 mins
- Exposure duration: 48 hrs
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 48 hrs
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): No data
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): No data

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): No data
SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): No data
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): No data

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: No data

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: No data

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: mitotic index; cloning efficiency; relative total growth; other: No data

OTHER EXAMINATIONS:
- Determination of polyploidy: No data
- Determination of endoreplication: No data
- Other: No data

OTHER: Plates were machine counted unless precipitate was present which interfered with the count, or the color of the test chemical on the plate reduced the contrast between the colonies and the agar.
Rationale for test conditions:
No data
Evaluation criteria:
The plates were observed for a dose dependent increase in the number of Histidine- independent (his+) colonies.

Evaluations were made at both the individual trial and chemical levels.

Individual trials were judged mutagenic (+), weakly mutagenic (+ W), questionable (?), or nonmutagenic (-), depending on the magnitude of the increase in his+ revertants, and the shape of the dose response. A trial was considered questionable (?) if the dose-response was judged insufficiently high to support a call of “+ W”, if only a single dose was elevated over the control, or if a weak increase was not dose-related. The distinctions between a questionable response and a nonmutagenic or weakly mutagenic response, and between a weak mutagenic response and mutagenic response are highly subjective. It was not necessary for a response to reach two-fold over background for a trial to be judged mutagenic.

A chemical was judged mutagenic (+) or weakly mutagenic (+W) if it produced a reproducible, dose-related response over the solvent control, under a single metabolic activation condition, in replicate trials. A chemical was judged questionable (?) if the results of individual trials were not reproducible, if increases in his+ revertants did not meet the criteria for a “+W” response, or if only single doses produced increases in his+ revertants in repeat trials. Chemicals were judged nonmutagenic (-) if they did not meet the criteria for a mutagenic or questionable response.
Statistics:
No data

Results and discussion

Test results
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium, other: TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA97, TA98
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
not specified
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
not specified
Positive controls validity:
valid
Additional information on results:
TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: No data
- Effects of osmolality: No data
- Evaporation from medium: No data
- Water solubility: No data
- Precipitation: No data
- Other confounding effects: No data

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: All chemicals were run initially in a toxicity assay to determine the appropriate dose range for the mutagenicity assay. The toxicity assay was performed using TA100. Toxic concentrations were defined as those that produced a decrease in the number of his+ colonies, or a clearing in the density of the background lawn, or both.

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: No data

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: No data

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table: Results for the test chemical Methyl succinic acid

Dose (µg/plate)

TA100

-S9

10% HLI

30% HLI

10% RLI

30% RLI

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

0

117

10.5

158

6.7

158

2.2

143

5.8

162

8.4

100

125

18.7

156

18.1

163

12.7

137

3.5

161

6.0

300

131

9.6

155

10.

 

164

7.2

149

5.6

174

5.2

1000

141

6.7

150

1.5

175

12.0

152

7.8

161

8.1

3333

125

2.5

121

10.5

150

8.0

148

3.8

153

12.2

6666

114

11.4

115

3.6

 

 

107

9.3

 

 

10000

 

 

 

 

107x

5.5

 

 

80x

3.5

Positive control

319

7.4

1223

32.8

736

21.3

906

15.4

536

14.4

 

Dose (µg/plate)

TA1535

-S9

10% HLI

30% HLI

10% RLI

30% RLI

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

0

19

3.1

10

0.6

14

1.8

14

1.0

11

2.0

100

26

4.3

11

0.9

14

2.7

12

3.2

16

1.5

300

22

1.5

11

1.2

13

1.8

13

3.1

12

0.3

1000

24

2.0

8

2.1

14

0.6

8

0.7

9

1.3

3333

19

1.5

10

1.2

10

1.7

9

1.2

7

0.3

6666

18

0.7

12

2.6

 

 

10

2.2

 

 

10000

 

 

 

 

7p

1.2

 

 

9p

2.2

Positive control

189

2.6

260

14.8

633

57.1

119

19.3

176

14.2

 

Dose (µg/plate)

TA1537

-S9

30% HLI

30% RLI

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

0

10

4.5

13

3.6

12

0.7

100

12

2.3

10

0.7

11

1.0

300

11

1.9

11

1.3

8

2.4

1000

9

1.8

11

2.1

6

2.7

3333

9

0.6

6

0.6

8

1.2

6666

 

 

 

 

 

 

10000

7s

4.4

4p

1.9

6p

1.7

Positive control

216

47.0

68

5.6

44

1.8

 

 

Dose (µg/plate)

TA97

-S9

10% HLI

30% HLI

10% RLI

30% RLI

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

0

156

4.1

188

11.9

184

8.0

185

12.5

209

3.5

100

174

14.7

209

2.5

217

3.5

205

5.3

214

3.2

300

180

3.1

210

6.8

212

0.9

219

12.7

204

7.8

1000

187

4.6

219

3.6

208

4.3

199

8.2

195

7.3

3333

186

2.3

186

8.2

168

9.0

174

10.1

160

6.1

6666

82s

39.8

174

4.9

 

 

160

13.3

 

 

10000

 

 

 

 

87p

7.8

 

 

127x

16.5

Positive control

497

18.9

601

21.1

507

40.6

465

20.6

444

6.1

 

Dose (µg/plate)

TA98

-S9

10% HLI

30% HLI

10% RLI

30% RLI

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

0

22

4.0

37

5.5

33

4.3

43

3.5

48

6.0

100

20

2.5

39

3.4

27

1.7

34

2.7

43

6.4

300

19

4.3

31

1.0

33

2.3

30

0.9

37

3.5

1000

22

3.3

36

4.8

32

3.2

38

3.5

41

2.2

3333

20

2.9

30

2.4

20

2.1

34

5.6

18s

1.5

6666

11

2.3

20

1.5

 

 

28

3.4

 

 

10000

 

 

 

 

15x

1.3

 

 

11x

1.8

Positive control

908

22.3

1161

64.8

425

22.2

725

6.1

147

18.8

s, slight clearing of background lawn;

p, precipitate present in plates;

x, precipitate present with toxicity

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:
Methyl succinic acid did not induce mutation in Salmonella typhimurium TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.
Executive summary:

Gene mutation toxicity study was performed to determine the mutagenic nature of methyl succinic acid. The study was performed using Salmonella typhimurium strainsTA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system. The chemical was dissolved in water as solvent and used at dose levels 0, 100, 333, 1000, 3333, 6666 or 10000µg/plate by the preincubation method. The doses were selected on the basis of preliminary dose range finding study and concurrent solvent and positive controls were included in the study. Methyl succinic aciddid not induce mutation in Salmonella typhimurium TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation system and hence is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.