Hydrocarbons, terpene processing by-products

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Effects on fertility

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity

Remarks:

based on test type (migrated information)

Type of information:

migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

30 March - 25 May 2012

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: GLP study conducted according to OECD Guideline 422 with minor deviation: relative humidity in the experimental room transiently exceeded the target range at 2 occasions

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

relative humidity in the experimental room transiently exceeded the target range at 2 occasions

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Not applicable

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River (UK) Limited, Margate, UK.
- Age at study initiation: Approximately 9 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: Males: 396-453 g; Females: 237-293 g
- Housing: Animals were housed in groups of 5 during pre-mating for all animals, 1:1 male and female during mating and mated females individually housed during gestation and lactation in solid floor polypropylene cages with stainless steel mesh lids and softwood flake bedding.
- Diet: Ground diet (Rodent PMI 5002 (Certified), Harlan Laboratories U.K. Ltd., Oxon, UK), ad libitum
- Water: Mains drinking water, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 7 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 21 ± 2 °C
- Humidity: 55 ± 15 %
- Air changes: 15/h
- Photoperiod: 12 h dark / 12 h light

Route of administration:

oral: feed

Vehicle:

other: 2 % corn oil and basal laboratory diet

Details on exposure:

DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): Dietary admixtures were prepared prior to treatment, and every three weeks thereafter.
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): Test item was initially mixed with 2 % corn oil and subsequently a small amount of basal laboratory diet was incorporated until homogeneous at a constant speed, in a Robot Coupe Blixer 4. This pre-mix was then added to a larger amount of basal laboratory diet and mixed for a further thirty minutes at a constant speed, setting 1 in a Hobart H800 mixer.
- Storage temperature of food: Diet was stored at room temperature.

STABILITY:
- Dietary admixtures were stable for three weeks at room temperature.

Details on mating procedure:

- M/F ratio per cage: 1/1
- Length of cohabitation: Up to 14 days
- Proof of pregnancy: Presence of vaginal plug and sperm in vaginal smear referred to as Day 0 of gestation.
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged individually.

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

- Samples were taken from the dietary admixtures and analysed for uniformity of distribution and concentration.
- Results indicated that the mean prepared dietary admixture concentrations were within acceptable ranges for the purpose of this study.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

- Main phase: Males were dosed daily during premating and mating periods and up to 42 days; females were dosed up to 63 consecutive days (including a three week maturation phase, pairing, gestation and early lactation).
- Toxicity phase: Females were dosed daily up to 42 consecutive days.
- Recovery phase: Recovery phase animals were treated with the high dose or basal laboratory diet alone for 42 consecutive days and then maintained without treatment for a further 14 days.

Frequency of treatment:

Once a day, 7 days a week

Details on study schedule:

None

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
0, 800, 2000 and 7500 ppm
Basis:
nominal in diet

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
0, 48.9, 119.6 and 435.8 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
other: equivalent to mean achieved dosages

No. of animals per sex per dose:

Main phase: 10 males and 10 females/dose (except for males from control and top dose groups: 5 males/dose)
Toxicity phase: 5 females/dose
Recovery phase: 5 males and 5 females /dose (control and top dose)

Control animals:

other: basal laboratory diet with 2 % corn oil added

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: Dose levels were chosen based on the results of previous toxicity study (Study No.: 41103360).
- Rationale for animal assignment: Animals were allocated to dose groups using a randomisation procedure based on stratified body weights and the group mean body weights were then determined to ensure similarity between the dose groups.

Positive control:

None

Parental animals: Observations and examinations:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Once daily

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Detailed clinical observations were performed on all test and control group animals before the first exposure to the test item and for main phase males, toxicity phase females and recovery animals once weekly thereafter. Observations were also performed on main phase females weekly during the pre-mating phase and then on Days 0, 6, 13 and 20 post coitum and on Days 1 and 7 of lactation. Functional performance tests were also performed in the first five main phase males per dose group and in toxicity phase females once during the final week of treatment.

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Individual body weights were recorded on Day 1 and then weekly for main phase males and toxicity phase females until termination. For main phase females, individual body weights were recorded on Day 1 and then weekly until pairing. Mated females were weighed on Days 0, 6, 13 and 20 post coitum and on Days 1, 4 and 7 post partum. Recovery animals were weighed on Day 1 and then weekly until termination.

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- During the pre-pairing period, weekly food consumption was recorded for each cage of adults. This was continued for males after the mating phase. For females showing evidence of mating, food consumption was recorded on Days 0-6, 6-13 and 13-20 post coitum. For females with live litters, food consumption was recorded on Days 1, 4 and 7 post partum. Weekly food consumptions were performed for each cage of toxicity phase females and recovery group females throughout the study period. Weekly food consumptions for recovery group males were performed during the pre-pairing period, after the mating phase and during the recovery period.
- Food efficiency (the ratio of body weight change/dietary intake) was calculated retrospectively for main phase and recovery males prior to and after pairing, for toxicity and recovery phase females during the recovery period where applicable and for main phase females prior to pairing. Due to offspring growth and milk production, food efficiency could not be accurately calculated for females, during gestation and lactation.


WATER CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Water intake was measured daily for the first three weeks of the treatment period. As there was no obvious effect of treatment on water intake during this time, no further formal gravimetric measurement of water consumption was performed for the remainder of the study, although a daily visual inspection of water bottles was performed.

OTHER:

BEHAVIOURAL ASSESSMENTS:
- Detailed individual clinical observations were performed for each animal using a purpose built arena. Gait, tremors, twitches, convulsions, bizarre/abnormal/stereotypic behaviour, salivation, pilo-erection, exophthalmia, lachrymation, hyper/hypothermia, skin colour, respiration, palpebral closure, urination, defecation, transfer arousal and tail elevation were evaluated.

FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE TESTS :
- Motor activity and forelimb/hindlimb grip strength were evaluated.

SENSORY REACTIVITY:
- Each animal was individually assessed for sensory reactivity to auditory, visual and proprioceptive stimuli. Grasp response, vocalisation, toe pinch, tail pinch, finger approach, touch escape, pupil reflex, blink reflex and startle reflex were evaluated.

HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD CHEMISTRY:
- Haematological and blood chemical investigations were performed on the first five main phase males and the five toxicity phase females from each test and control group prior to termination (Day 42). In addition haematological and blood chemical investigations were performed on all recovery group animals after the fourteen day treatment-free period at termination (Day 56). Blood samples were obtained from the lateral tail vein. Where necessary repeat samples were taken by cardiac puncture at termination.
- HAEMATOLOGY: Haemoglobin, Erythrocyte count (RBC), Haematocrit, Erythrocyte indices- mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Total leucocyte count (WBC), Differential leucocyte count- neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, Platelet count, Reticulocyte count, Prothrombin time and Activated partial thromboplastin time were measured.
- BLOOD CHEMISTRY: Urea, Glucose, Total protein, Albumin, Albumin/Globulin ratio, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, Calcium, Inorganic phosphorus, Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), Alkaline phosphatase (AP), Creatinine, Total cholesterol, Total bilirubin and Bile acids were measured.

PREGNANCY AND PARTURITION:
- Each pregnant female was observed at approximately 08:30, 12:30 and 16:30 hours and around the expected date of parturition. Observations were carried out at approximately 08:30 and 12:30 hours at weekends and public holidays.

Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):

- Animals were checked each morning for the presence of ejected copulation plugs and each female was examined for the presence of a copulation plug in the vagina. A vaginal smear was prepared for each female and the stage of oestrus or the presence of sperm was recorded. The presence of sperm within the vaginal smear and/or vaginal plug in situ was taken as positive evidence of mating (Day 0 of gestation).

Sperm parameters (parental animals):

Parameters examined in P male parental generations: testis weight, epididymis weight, detailed histological examination of the testes and epididymides with special emphasis on stages of spermatogenesis

Litter observations:

PARAMETERS EXAMINED:
- On completion of parturition (Day 0 of post partum), the number of live and dead offspring was recorded. Offspring were individually identified within each litter by tattoo on Day 1 post partum.
- All litters were examined for number of offspring born, number of offspring alive recorded daily and reported on Days 1, 4 and 7 post partum, sex of offspring on Days 1 and 4 post partum, clinical condition of offspring from birth to Day 7 post partum and individual offspring weights on Days 1, 4 and 7 post partum.

GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS: Yes, for external and internal abnormalities

Postmortem examinations (parental animals):

SACRIFICE:
- Adult main phase males and toxicity phase females were killed by intravenous overdose of a barbiturate agent followed by exsanguination on Day 43. Adult main phase females were killed by intravenous overdose of a barbiturate agent followed by exsanguination on Day 7 post partum.
- Recovery group animals were killed by intravenous overdose of a barbiturate agent followed by exsanguination on Day 57.

GROSS NECROPSY:
- All animals were subject to a detailed necropsy. For all main phase females, the uterus was examined for signs of implantation and the number of uterine implantations in each horn was recorded.

HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS:
- The following organs, removed from main phase males, toxicity phase females and recovery phase animals that were killed at the end of the study, were dissected free from fat and weighed before fixation: adrenals, brain, epididymides (left and right), heart, kidneys (left and right), liver, ovaries (left and right), pituitary (post fixation), prostate, seminal vesicles, spleen, testes (left and right), thymus, thyroid (weighed post-fixation with parathyroid) and uterus (weighed with cervix and oviducts)
- The following organs, removed from main phase females that were killed at the end of the study, were dissected free from fat and weighed before fixation: ovaries (left and right) and uterus (weighted with cervix and oviducts).
- Samples of the following tissues were removed from from main phase males, toxicity phase females and recovery animals and preserved in buffered 10 % formalin, except where stated. Adrenals, aorta (thoracic), bone & bone marrow (femur including stifle joint), bone & bone marrow (sternum), brain (including cerebrum, cerebellum and pons), caecum, coagulating gland, colon, duodenum, epididymides**, eyes*, gross lesions, heart, ileum (including peyer’s patches), jejunum, kidneys, liver, lungs (with bronchi) #, lymph nodes (mandibular and mesenteric), mammary gland, muscle (skeletal), ovaries, pancreas, pituitary, prostate, oesophagus, rectum, salivary glands (submaxillary), sciatic nerve, seminal vesicles, skin (hind limb), spinal cord (cervical, mid-thoracic and lumbar), spleen, stomach, thyroid/parathyroid, trachea, testes**, thymus, urinary bladder, uterus/cervix and vagina.

* = eyes fixed in Davidson’s fluid; ** = preserved in Bouin’s fluid then transferred to 70 % Industrial Methylated Spirits (IMS) approximately 48 h later; # = lungs were inflated to approximately normal inspiratory volume with buffered 10 % formalin before immersion in fixative

Postmortem examinations (offspring):

SACRIFICE:
- Surviving offspring were terminated via intracardiac overdose of a barbiturate agent.

GROSS NECROPSY
- All offspring, including those dying during the study, were subjected to a full external and internal examination, and any macroscopic abnormalities were recorded.

Statistics:

- Body weight, food consumption during gestation and lactation, pre-coital interval and gestation length, litter size and weights, sex ratio, implantation sites, implantation loss and viability indices, offspring body weight and change, haematology, blood chemistry, adult absolute and body weight-relative organ weights were subjected for statistical analysis.
- Data for males and females prior to pairing and functional performance test data were analysed by the Provantis™ Tables and Statistics Module. For each variable, the most suitable transformation of the data was found, the use of possible covariates checked and the homogeneity of means assessed using ANOVA and ANCOVA and Bartletts’s test. The transformed data were analysed to find the lowest treatment level that showed a significant effect, using the Williams Test for parametric data or the Shirley Test for non-parametric data. If no dose response was found, but the data showed non-homogeneity of means, the data were analysed by a stepwise Dunnett (parametric) or Steel (non-parametric) test to determine significant differences from the control group. Finally, if required, pair wise tests were performed using the Student t-test (parametric) or the Mann-Whitney U test (non-parametric).
- Data for females during gestation and lactation, and offspring data were assessed for dose response relationships by linear regression analysis, followed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) incorporating Levene’s test for homogeneity of variance. Where variances were shown to be homogenous, pairwise comparisons were conducted using Dunnett’s test. Where Levene’s test showed unequal variances the data were analysed using non-parametric methods: Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test.
- Non-parametric methods were used to analyse implantation loss, offspring sex ratio and landmark developmental markers. Probability values (p) were calculated as follows: p<0.001 ***, p<0.01 **, p<0.05 * and p≥0.05 (not significant).

Reproductive indices:

Mating Performance and Fertility:
Pre-coital Interval: Calculated as the time elapsing between initial pairing and the observation of positive evidence of mating.
Fertility Indices:
- Mating Index (%): No. of animals mated x 100/No. of animals paired
- Pregnancy Index (%): No. of pregnant females x 100/No. of animals mated
Gestation and Parturition Data
- Gestation Length: Calculated as the number of days of gestation including the day for observation of mating and the start of parturition.
- Parturition Index (%): No. of females delivering live offspring x 100/No. of pregnant females

Offspring viability indices:

Implantation Losses (%)
- Post–implantation loss: [(No. of implantation sites-Total no. of offspring born)/No. of implantation sites]x100
Live Birth and Viability Indices
- Live Birth Index (%): No. of offspring alive on Day 1 x 100/No. of offspring born
- Viability Index (%): No. of offspring alive on Day 4 x 100/No. of offspring alive on Day 1
Sex Ratio (% males):
- Sex ratio was calculated for each litter on Days 1 and 4 post partum: No. of male offspring x 100/Total no. of offspring

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Body weight and weight changes:

effects observed, treatment-related

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

effects observed, treatment-related

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

effects observed, treatment-related

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Other effects:

effects observed, treatment-related

Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:

no effects observed

Reproductive function: sperm measures:

no effects observed

Reproductive performance:

no effects observed

CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- No clinical signs that were considered to be related to test item toxicity.
- No mortality was observed.
- There were no treatment related effects detected in behavioural assessments, functional performance parameters and sensory reactivity assessments.

BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- At 7500 ppm, lower mean body weight gain for males, compared to control, and mean body weight loss for females was apparent during the first week of treatment. For males, subsequent body weight gain was generally similar to control but, for body weight gain for females during the second week of treatment was still lower than control. Body weight gain of females was also lower than control during Days 1-4 of lactation.
- At 7500 ppm, mean food consumption for both sexes was lower than control during the first week of the study and was considered to reflect an initial reluctance to eat the diet admixture due to its low palatability.
- At 7500 ppm, notably inferior food conversion efficiency was apparent during the first week of the study, compared to control, for both sexes and was considered to reflect the much lower food intake for both sexes due to the low palatability of the dietary admixture.
- There was no effect of treatment on body weight and food consumption/food utilisation at 800 and 2000 ppm throughout the study.

WATER CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Water consumption was considered to have been unaffected by treatment.

TEST SUBSTANCE INTAKE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- At 7500 ppm, achieved intake of test item for females was slightly lower for the first week of treatment compared to subsequent achieved intake for the remainder of the study. As anticipated, this resulted in the achieved dosage for this initial week being slightly lower than the intended 3.75 fold interval between the intermediate dosage and this high dosage. However, for the remainder of the study (including two weeks of pre-pairing, gestation and lactation for the main phase females) the intended difference between these dosages levels was maintained.
- For males at 7500 ppm, achieved dosage was fairly consistent throughout the study and generally maintained the intended 3.75 fold interval between the intermediate dosage and this high dosage.
- At 800 and 2000 ppm, achieved intakes of test item for both sexes were as expected and generally maintained the intended 2.5 fold interval between these dosage groups throughout the study, including for main phase females during gestation and lactation.

REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION: ESTROUS CYCLE (PARENTAL ANIMALS):
- No treatment related effects were observed in estrous cycle.

REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- No treatment related effects were detected in mating performance, fertility and length of gestation.

ORGAN WEIGHTS (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- At all dietary levels, main phase males showed a slight increase in absolute and body weight relative liver weights, compared to controls. At the lower dietary levels of 800 and 2000 ppm there was no dosage relationship and all individual body weight relative values were within the historical control range. This increase in liver weights was associated with adaptive liver changes during histopathological examination at all dose levels therefore it was considered as an adaptive response to the treatment.

GROSS PATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- No macroscopic findings considered to be related to test item toxicity was observed.

HISTOPATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Liver: Centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy was observed in males with an incidence and/or severity proportional to the dose administered at all dietary inclusion levels. Liver of females receiving 7500 ppm also showed minimal centrilobular hypertrophy. After fourteen days of recovery, liver morphology was considered to have returned to normal. The hepatocellular hypertrophy observed was considered as an adaptive metabolic response of the liver to the presence of a xenobiotic.
- Thyroid: For males at 7500 ppm, a higher incidence of hypertrophy of the follicular epithelium was observed and considered secondary to the liver hypertrophy. One female at 7500 ppm also showed minimal hypertrophy of the epithelium. After fourteen days of recovery, thyroid morphology was considered to have returned to normal.
- Kidneys: Treatment-related lesions characterized by tubular degeneration and regeneration, granular casts, interstitial fibrosis and mixed cell infiltration, mainly of the proximal portion of the nephrons, were observed in males receiving 7500 ppm. These kidney findings were partially reversible in recovery males at 7500 ppm following the fourteen days treatment-free period, although three males still showed minimal or slight tubular degeneration, regeneration, interstitial fibrosis and mixed cell infiltration. The lesions were suggestive of alpha2μ-globulin nephropathy. It is assumed that this effect has no toxicological relevance for humans although it is considered adverse for the male rats.
- Spleen: Increased hemopoiesis was observed in two males receiving 7500 ppm and minimally in one male at 2000 ppm. Reversibility was apparent after fourteen days of recovery, with only one male at 7500 ppm showing minimal increased hemopoiesis. Because of the minimal magnitude of this finding, it was not considered an adverse effect.

OTHER FINDINGS (PARENTAL ANIMALS)

HAEMATOLOGY:
- No adverse effects of treatment were detected in the haematological parameters examined.

BLOOD CHEMISTRY:
- No adverse effects of treatment were detected in the blood chemical parameters examined.

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Remarks:

Reproductive and developmental toxicity

Effect level:

435.8 mg/kg bw/day

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: No treatment-related effects observed in reproductive and developmental parameters studied at any of the doses tested

Remarks on result:

other: Generation: parent and offspring (migrated information)

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Remarks:

systemic toxicity

Effect level:

435.8 mg/kg bw/day

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: see 'Remark'

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Mortality / viability:

no mortality observed

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Sexual maturation:

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

not examined

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Histopathological findings:

not examined

VIABILITY (OFFSPRING)
- No treatment related effects were detected in litter viability for litters from treated females compared to controls.
- At 7500 ppm, one female showed total litter loss post partum. In the absence of any effect of treatment on offspring survival for remaining litters at this dietary level this finding was considered to be incidental and unrelated to treatment.

CLINICAL SIGNS (OFFSPRING)
- No clinical signs related to treatment were observed.

BODY WEIGHT (OFFSPRING)
- There was no obvious adverse effect of treatment on offspring body weight on Day 1 and subsequent body weight gain to Day 7 of age at 800, 2000 or 7500 ppm. Litter weights for all dietary inclusion levels were similarly unaffected by treatment.

SEX RATIO (OFFSPRING)
- No treatment related effects were detected in sex ratio for litters from treated females compared to controls.

GROSS PATHOLOGY (OFFSPRING)
- There were no macroscopic findings considered to be related to test item toxicity.

Reproductive effects observed:

not specified

Table 7.8.1/1: Group mean body weight gains – Main and recovery phases

Group (male) ppm	Increase in Body Weight (g)
	Week numbers Relative to Start Date									Week numbers Relative to Start Date
										Abs gain	Abs gain	Abs gain
	From:	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	1	2	7
	To:	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	7	7	9
Control	Mean	27.2	23.0	18.6	4.5	18.5	16.8	11.0	8.6	108.6	81.4	19.6
	S.D.	8.9	7.1	5.6	6.6	6.8	8.2	9.1	2.5	19.5	12.2	10.4
	N	10	10	10	10	10	10	5	5	10	10	5
800	Mean	22.0	16.2*	17.8	12.5	14.6	10.5	-	-	93.6	71.6	-
	S.D.	5.4	5.9	9.5	4.6	6.1	6.3	-	-	23.4	19.3	-
	N	10	10	10	10	10	10	-	-	10	10	-
2000	Mean	22.7	24.8	14.7	7.0	16.0	14.0	-	-	99.2	76.5	-
	S.D.	4.9	3.0	6.4	7.5	6.2	6.4	-	-	12.9	13.4	-
	N	10	10	10	10	10	10	-	-	10	10	-
7500	Mean	15.8**	19.3	17.3	5.6	17.8	13.1	19.8	5.0	88.1	73.1	24.8
	S.D.	7.8	5.3	5.4	9.5	8.0	6.7	11.9	6.1	13.9	15.8	15.4
	N	10	10	10	10	10	10	5	5	10	10	5

 

Table 7.8.1/2: Group mean body weight gains – Main, toxicity and recovery phases

Group (female) ppm	Increase in Body Weight (g)
	Week numbers Relative to Start Date									Week numbers Relative to Start Date
										Abs gain	Abs gain	Abs gain
	From:	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	1	2	7
	To:	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	7	7	9
Control	Mean	6.9	9.5	2.9	8.1	3.3	5.5	5.0	0.6	36.2	29.3	5.6
	S.D.	6.0	6.9	6.9	4.6	4.3	6.3	6.0	8.0	12.5	8.7	4.0
	N	20	20	20	10	10	10	5	5	20/10	20/10	5
800	Mean	4.9	5.3*	1.6	9.0	6.0	-3.6*	-	-	2.2	18.3	-
	S.D.	5.4	7.1	6.4	9.5	8.4	7.7	-	-	17.2	11.4	-
	N	15	15	15	5	5	5	-	-	15/5	15/5	-
2000	Mean	5.9	3.5*	0.7	7.4	9.2	-5.8*	-	-	20.9	15.0	-
	S.D.	6.4	6.8	6.9	7.7	3.6	5.2	-	-	14.3	9.8	-
	N	15	15	15	5	5	5	-	-	15/5	15/5	-
7500	Mean	-3.4**	4.3*	1.5	6.5	0.5	3.3	10.8	-3.2	12.7	16.1	7.6
	S.D.	6.1	5.5	5.6	4.4	5.0	6.6	4.4	4.1	9.8	9.1	7.3
	N	20	20	20	10	10	10	5	5	20/10	20/10	5

 

Table 7.8.1/3: Group mean body weight gains – Main phase

Group (female) ppm		Increase in Body Weight (g)					Cumulative Body Weight Change (g)
		Days					Days
		Gestation			Lactation		Gestation
	From:	0	6	13	1	4	0	0
	To:	6	13	20	4	7	13	20
Control	Mean	31.3	32.5	93.6	17	23.2	63.8	157.4
	S.D.	10.4	4	12.5	10.8	11.6	10.7	19.9
	N	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
800	Mean	29.5	28.9	82.2	12	23.3	58.4	140.6
	S.D.	6.1	4.8	11.5	12.2	8.1	7.6	13.2
	N	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
2000	Mean	29.6	27	84	14.7	17.1	56.6	140.6
	S.D.	7.5	7.6	11	10.8	13.4	12.1	14.9
	N	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
7500	Mean	30.7	33.7	85.7	5.2	18.7	64.4	150.1
	S.D.	7.4	10	12	7.8	10.2	13.1	21
	N	10	10	10	9	9	10	10

p<0.001 ***, p<0.01 **, p<0.05 * and p≥0.05 (not significant)

Conclusions:

Based on the findings in this study, the No-Observed-Adverse–Effect-Level (NOAEL) of Terpinolene multiconstituent for systemic toxicity for both males and females was 7500 ppm (excluding the male rat-specific effects related to alpha2μ-globulin nephropathy) and the NOAEL for maternal toxicity, reproduction/developmental toxicity was 7500 ppm(equivalent to 435.8 mg/kg bw/day).

Executive summary:

In a Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test conducted according to OECD Guideline 422 and in compliance with GLP, three groups of Sprague-Dawley Crl: CD^®BR strain rats, each comprising of ten male and ten females for the main phase (except for control and top dose: 5 males/dose), five females for the toxicity phase and 5 male and 5 females/dose (control and top dose) for the recovery phase received Terpinolene multiconstituent at doses of 800, 2000 and 7500 ppm by dietary admixture (initially mixed with 2% corn oil). Main phase males were dosed daily during premating and mating periods and up to 42 days and females were dosed up to 63 consecutive days (including a three week maturation phase, pairing, gestation and early lactation for females). Toxicity phase females were dosed daily up to 42 consecutive days. Recovery phase animals were treated with the high dose or basal laboratory diet alone for 42 consecutive days and then maintained without treatment for a further 14 days. During the study, data was recorded on clinical condition, performance under detailed physical and arena examination, sensory reactivity, grip strength, motor activity, bodyweight, food consumption, water consumption, haematology, blood chemistry, oestrous cycle, mating performance, fertility and gestation length. Organ weight, macroscopic and microscopic pathology investigations were undertaken in the adults. The clinical condition of offspring, litter size and survival, sex ratio and offspring bodyweight were assessed and macroscopic pathology investigations were undertaken.

No mortality and no clinical signs related to treatment were observed. There were no treatment related effects detected in behavioural assessments, functional performance parameters and sensory reactivity assessments. At 7500 ppm, treatment was associated with lower food consumption during the first week of treatment with a concomitant reduction in mean body weight gain, or mean body weight loss in all animals.

Although lower body weight gain was apparent for females during the second week of treatment, in general subsequent food intake and body weight were not adversely affected by treatment.There was no effect of treatment on body weight gain, food consumption and food utilisation at 800 and 2000 ppm throughout the study. Water consumption was considered to have been unaffected by treatment. No adverse effects of treatment were detected in the haematological and blood chemistry parameters examined. No treatment related effects were detected in mating performance, fertility and length of gestation between control and treated groups. At all dietary levels, main phase males showed a slight increase in absolute and body weight relative liver weights, compared to controls. At the lower dietary levels of 800 and 2000 ppm there was no dosage relationship and all individual body weight relative values were within the historical control range. This increase in liver weights was associated with adaptive liver changes during histopathological examination at all dose levels therefore it was considered as an adaptive response to the treatment. No macroscopic findings considered to be related to test item toxicity was observed. Centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy was observed in males with an incidence and/or severity proportional to the dose administered at all dietary inclusion levels. Liver of females receiving 7500 ppm also showed minimal centrilobular hypertrophy. After fourteen days of recovery, liver morphology was considered to have returned to normal. The hepatocellular hypertrophy observed was considered as an adaptive metabolic response of the liver to the presence of a xenobiotic. In thyroid, a higher incidence of hypertrophy of the follicular epithelium was observed in males at 7500 ppm and it was considered secondary to the liver hypertrophy. One female at 7500 ppm also showed minimal hypertrophy of the epithelium. After fourteen days of recovery, thyroid morphology was considered to have returned to normal. In kidneys, treatment-related lesions characterized by tubular degeneration and regeneration, granular casts, interstitial fibrosis and mixed cell infiltration, mainly of the proximal portion of the nephrons, were observed in males receiving 7500 ppm. These kidney findings were partially reversible in recovery males at 7500 ppm following the fourteen days treatment-free period, although three males still showed minimal or slight tubular degeneration, regeneration, interstitial fibrosis and mixed cell infiltration. The lesions were suggestive of alpha 2 μ-globulin nephropathy. It is assumed that this effect has no toxicological relevance for humans although it is considered adverse for the male rats. In spleen, increased hemopoiesis was observed in two males receiving 7500 ppm and minimally in one male at 2000 ppm. Reversibility was apparent after fourteen days of recovery, with only one male at 7500 showing minimal increased hemopoiesis. Because of the minimal magnitude of this finding, it was not considered an adverse effect.

 

Based on the findings in this study, the No-Observed-Adverse–Effect-Level (NOAEL) of Terpinolene multiconstituent for systemic toxicity for both males and females was 7500 ppm (excluding the male rat-specific effects related to alpha2μ-globulin nephropathy) and the NOAEL for maternal toxicity, reproduction/developmental toxicity was 7500 ppm (equivalent to 435.8 mg/kg bw/day).

Effect on fertility: via oral route

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

435.8 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

GLP study conducted according to OECD Guideline 422 without any deviation on a structure-related substance.

Effect on fertility: via inhalation route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Effect on fertility: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

In a Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test conducted according to OECD Guideline 422 and in compliance with GLP, three groups of Sprague-Dawley Crl: CD^®BR strain rats, each comprising of ten male and ten females for the main phase (except for control and top dose: 5 males/dose), five females for the toxicity phase and 5 male and 5 females/dose (control and top dose) for the recovery phase received Terpinolene multiconstituent at doses of 800, 2000 and 7500 ppm by dietary admixture (initially mixed with 2% corn oil). Main phase males were dosed daily during premating and mating periods and up to 42 days and females were dosed up to 63 consecutive days (including a three week maturation phase, pairing, gestation and early lactation for females). Toxicity phase females were dosed daily up to 42 consecutive days. Recovery phase animals were treated with the high dose or basal laboratory diet alone for 42 consecutive days and then maintained without treatment for a further 14 days. During the study, data was recorded on clinical condition, performance under detailed physical and arena examination, sensory reactivity, grip strength, motor activity, bodyweight, food consumption, water consumption, haematology, blood chemistry, oestrous cycle, mating performance, fertility and gestation length. Organ weight, macroscopic and microscopic pathology investigations were undertaken in the adults. The clinical condition of offspring, litter size and survival, sex ratio and offspring bodyweight were assessed and macroscopic pathology investigations were undertaken.

No mortality and no clinical signs related to treatment were observed. There were no treatment related effects detected in behavioural assessments, functional performance parameters and sensory reactivity assessments.At 7500 ppm, treatment was associated with lower food consumption during the first week of treatment with a concomitant reduction in mean body weight gain, or mean body weight loss in all animals. 

. Although lower body weight gain was apparent for females during the second week of treatment, in general subsequent food intake and body weight were not adversely affected by treatment.There was no effect of treatment on body weight gain, food consumption and food utilisation at 800 and 2000 ppm throughout the study. Water consumption was considered to have been unaffected by treatment. No adverse effects of treatment were detected in the haematological and blood chemistry parameters examined. No treatment related effects were detected in mating performance, fertility and length of gestation between control and treated groups. At all dietary levels, main phase males showed a slight increase in absolute and body weight relative liver weights, compared to controls. At the lower dietary levels of 800 and 2000 ppm there was no dosage relationship and all individual body weight relative values were within the historical control range. This increase in liver weights was associated with adaptive liver changes during histopathological examination at all dose levels therefore it was considered as an adaptive response to the treatment. No macroscopic findings considered to be related to test item toxicity was observed. Centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy was observed in males with an incidence and/or severity proportional to the dose administered at all dietary inclusion levels. Liver of females receiving 7500 ppm also showed minimal centrilobular hypertrophy. After fourteen days of recovery, liver morphology was considered to have returned to normal. The hepatocellular hypertrophy observed was considered as an adaptive metabolic response of the liver to the presence of a xenobiotic. In thyroid, a higher incidence of hypertrophy of the follicular epithelium was observed in males at 7500 ppm and it was considered secondary to the liver hypertrophy. One female at 7500 ppm also showed minimal hypertrophy of the epithelium. After fourteen days of recovery, thyroid morphology was considered to have returned to normal. In kidneys, treatment-related lesions characterized by tubular degeneration and regeneration, granular casts, interstitial fibrosis and mixed cell infiltration, mainly of the proximal portion of the nephrons, were observed in males receiving 7500 ppm. These kidney findings were partially reversible in recovery males at 7500 ppm following the fourteen days treatment-free period, although three males still showed minimal or slight tubular degeneration, regeneration, interstitial fibrosis and mixed cell infiltration. The lesions were suggestive of alpha 2 μ-globulin nephropathy. It is assumed that this effect has no toxicological relevance for humans although it is considered adverse for the male rats. In spleen, increased hemopoiesis was observed in two males receiving 7500 ppm and minimally in one male at 2000 ppm. Reversibility was apparent after fourteen days of recovery, with only one male at 7500 showing minimal increased hemopoiesis. Because of the minimal magnitude of this finding, it was not considered an adverse effect.

 

Based on the findings in this study, the No-Observed-Adverse–Effect-Level (NOAEL) of Terpinolene multiconstituent for systemic toxicity for both males and females was 7500 ppm (excluding the male rat-specific effects related to alpha2μ-globulin nephropathy) and the NOAEL for maternal toxicity, reproduction/developmental toxicity was 7500 ppm (equivalent to 435.8 mg/kg bw/day).

Short description of key information:
OECD guideline 422 study on Terpinolene multiconstituent: NOAEL for systemic toxicity = 7500 ppm (equivalent to mean achieved dosage of 435.8 mg/kg bw/day, highest dose tested). NOAEL for reproductive toxicity = 7500 ppm (equivalent to mean achieved dosage of 435.8 mg/kg bw/day, highest dose tested).

Justification for selection of Effect on fertility via oral route:
Only one study available for this endpoint

Effects on developmental toxicity

Description of key information

OECD guideline 414 study on camphene: NOEL for systemic toxicity (maternal toxicity) = 250 mg/kg bw/day. NOEL for developmental toxicity = 250 mg/kg bw/day

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

developmental toxicity

Type of information:

migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

28 April - 5 August 1992

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: GLP study from a read-across substance, conducted according to OECD Guideline 414 with a minor deviation as only 2 doses were tested but up to the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg/day

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

only 2 doses tested but up to the limit dose of 1000 mg/kg/day

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Not applicable

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Lippische Versuchstierzucht, Hagemann GmbH, Germany
- Stock: Tif: RAI f (SPF)
- Age at study initiation: 54 days
- Weight at study initiation: 180-190 g
- Fasting period before study:
- Housing: Individually housed in MAKROLON cages type III
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ALTROMIN 1314 (ALTROMIN GmbH, Lage/Lippe, Germany), ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Tap water, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 7 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22 ± 2 °C
- Humidity (%): 50 ± 15%
- Photoperiod (hours dark / hours light): 12 hours dark / 12 hours light

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

other: sesame oil, DAB 10

Details on exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: Test solutions were freshly prepared in sesame oil each day immediately before dosing

VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): Test material was soluble in sesame oil
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 5 mL/kg bw
- Lot/batch no. (if required): 2009
- Source: Henry Lamotte, Bremen, Germany

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

- Concentrations: 50 and 200 mg/mL suspension
- Sampling interval: Sampled at start and termination of treatment
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: Samples were deep-frozen at -20 °C or cooler until dispatch
- Analytical method: Gas chromatography with FID detector

Details on mating procedure:

- Impregnation procedure: Cohoused
- If cohoused:
- M/F ratio per cage: 1:1
- Length of cohabitation: Overnight
- Proof of pregnancy: Sperm in vaginal smear referred to as Day 0 of pregnancy. If the smear was negative, mating was repeated.
- Fertile (proved) male rats of the same breed were repeatedly employed for mating, at the earliest 3 days after successful copulation

Duration of treatment / exposure:

Day 6-15 of pregnancy

Frequency of treatment:

Once daily

Duration of test:

20 days

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
250 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested

No. of animals per sex per dose:

20 pregnant females per dose (plus 5 females per dose as reserve)

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: Doses were selected on the basis of a pilot study. In this limit test study, camphene (1000 mg/kg bw/day) was administered to 3 pregnant rats from Day 6 to 15 of pregnancy. Except for a slight transient reaction after the first dosing, 1000 mg/kg bw/day was well-tolerated by the dams and did not influence the prenatal development.
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): Rats were assigned to their respective group according to their mating day i.e. in a cyclic way following the listing of positive findings in the vaginal smear.

Maternal examinations:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Twice daily
- Cage side observations were included: Behaviour, external appearance, mortality and faeces

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Twice daily

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Daily

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): Yes
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Daily

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation Day 20 under ether
- Organs examined: Ovaries and uteri

Ovaries and uterine content:

The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations and location of fetuses in the uterus: Yes
- Number and size of resorptions: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
- Other: Fetuses and placentae count, sex and viability of fetuses, weight of ovaries, weight and length of fetuses and weight of placentae

Fetal examinations:

- External examinations: Yes: [all per litter]
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes: [half per litter]
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: [half per litter]

Statistics:

- Comparison of malformation and variation rates was carried out using R.A. Fisher’s exact test (p ≤ 0.05).
- Homogeneity of variances was tested by the Bartlett chi-square test followed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
- When the results indicated a significant difference among groups Dunnett test (p ≤ 0.01) was used to compare the experimental groups with the control group.

Indices:

- Resorption rate in % = (Resorptions / implantations) X 100
- Malformation rate in % = (malformed fetuses / fetuses) X 100
- Variation rate in % = (fetuses with variations / fetuses) X 100
- Pre-implantation loss in % = (corpora lutea-implantations / corpora lutea) X 100
- Post-implantation loss in % = (implantations-living fetuses / implantations) X 100
- Conception rate in % = (number of pregnant animals / number of animals mated) X 100

Historical control data:

Yes; summarized results of teratology studies in Sprague-Dawley rats (1988-1991) were attached as Appendix-4 to the study

Details on maternal toxic effects:

Maternal toxic effects:yes

Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Mortality: No treatment-related mortality was observed.
- Clinical symptoms: At 1000 mg/kg bw/day, 6/20 dams showed reduced motor activity and salivation after first dosing, two of them salivation after second dosing. The reactions occurred within 5-20 minutes after administration and lasted for 20-60 minutes, 1-2 hours or 2-6 hours. No clinical signs were observed in the remaining high-dosed and the low-dosed dams.
- Body weight, body weight change: Body weights remained within the normal range, body weight gain showed no influence of the test material.
- Food consumption: Transient impairment of the food consumption by the highest tested dose (1000 mg/kg bw/day) was observed on the 7th, 8th and 9th gestation day by 6%, 22% and 10%, respectively. Food consumption had normalised from the 10th gestation day onwards.
- Drinking-water consumption: Treatment did not influence drinking-water consumption.
- Autopsy findings: No treatment-related pathological changes were detected at autopsy.

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

250 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect level:

other: maternal toxicity

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:

Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:yes

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Mortality: No dead fetuses observed in control or treatment groups.
- Uterus and placentae weights, conception rate, mean number of corpora lutea and implantation sites, pre-implantation loss and number of viable fetuses, sex distribution of fetuses and weight of fetuses: No treatment-related effects
- Number of resorptions and consequently the post-implantation loss: Slightly but not significantly (at p ≤ 0.01) increased at 1000 mg/kg bw/day
- External macroscopic examination: No treatment-related effects; one malformed fetus at 1000 mg/kg bw/day (shifted and fused dorsal, lumbar and coccygeal vertebrae, bilateral crossed legs, stump tail, omphalocele) belongs to the spontaneous range as to type and number of affected fetuses (control: one fetus with stump tail)
- Soft tissue examination: No treatment-related effects; very common variations (uni- or bilateral dilated renal pelvis, haemorrhages of the liver, 4th cerebral ventricle enlarged) were observed in all groups without any dose-response relationships
- Skeletal examination: No treatment-related effects; variations (accessory 14th ribs, wavy ribs and bipartite/misaligned sternum) were observed in all groups and/or retardations (incomplete or missing ossification of hyoid, skull, vertebral bodies and/or sternebrae) were found biologically non-significant

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

250 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect level:

other: fetotoxicity

Abnormalities:

not specified

Developmental effects observed:

not specified

Table 1: Examination of the influence on the pregnant rat and the fetus by oral administration summary of maternal clinical symptoms

		Test Group 1: Control	Test Group 2: 250 mg/kg bw/day	Test Group 3: 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Dams evaluated	n =	20	20	22#
No remarkable observations	n =	20	20	14
	%	100	100	63.6
Reduced motility	n =	0	0	6
	%	0	0	27.3
Salivation	n =	0	0	7
	%	0	0	31.8
Opisthotonus	n =	0	0	1*
	%	0	0	4.5
Tonoclonic convulsions	n =	0	0	1**
	%	0	0	4.5

* deceased dam no. 53; ** * deceased dam no. 56; # dams no. 53, 56 died prematurely due to regurgitation and aspiration of the test substance

Conclusions:

In conclusion, the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for maternal and fetotoxicity of camphene administered orally (gavage) was considered to be 250 mg/kg bw/day in Sprague-Dawley rats. Therefore, camphene is not considered to be teratogenic.

Executive summary:

In a prenatal developmental toxicity study performed in accordance with OECD guideline 414 and in compliance with GLP, camphene in sesame oil was administered through gavage to groups of Sprague-Dawley pregnant rats (20/dose) at dose levels of 0 (vehicle control), 250 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day from Day 6 to 15 of pregnancy. Dams were observed twice daily for behaviour, external appearance, mortality and faeces. Body weights, food and water consumption were noted daily. Caesarean sections were performed on Day 20 of pregnancy and the ovaries and uterine contents were recorded. Foetuses were weighed and examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformations.

 

No treatment-related mortality was observed at any dose level. At 1000 mg/kg bw/day, 6/20 dams showed reduced motor activity and salivation after first dosing, two of them salivation after second dosing. The reactions occurred within 5-20 minutes after administration and lasted for 20-60 minutes, 1-2 hours or 2-6 hours. Body weights remained within the normal range and body weight gain showed no influence of the test material. Transient impairment of the food consumption by the highest tested dose (1000 mg/kg bw/day) was observed on the 7th, 8th and 9th gestation day by 6%, 22% and 10%, respectively. Treatment did not influence drinking-water consumption. No treatment-related pathological changes were detected at autopsy. No dead fetuses observed in control or treatment groups. No treatment-related effects were observed on uterus and placentae weights, conception rate, mean number of corpora lutea and implantation sites, pre-implantation loss and number of viable fetuses, sex distribution of fetuses and weight of fetuses. External macroscopic examination, examination of soft tissue and skeletal examination revealed no treatment-related biologically and/or statistically significant variations/retardations. Number of resorptions and consequently the post-implantation loss were increased slightly (statistically non- significant) at 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

In conclusion, the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for maternal and fetotoxicity of camphene administered orally (gavage) was considered to be 250 mg/kg bw/day in Sprague-Dawley rats. Therefore, camphene is not considered to be teratogenic.

Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

250 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

Prenatal developmental toxicity study performed in accordance with OECD guideline 414 and in compliance with GLP on one of the main constituent of the substance.

Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

In a prenatal developmental toxicity study performed in accordance with OECD guideline 414 and in compliance with GLP, camphene in sesame oil was administered through gavage to groups of Sprague-Dawley pregnant rats (20/dose) at dose levels of 0 (vehicle control), 250 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day from Day 6 to 15 of pregnancy. Dams were observed twice daily for behaviour, external appearance, mortality and faeces. Body weights, food and water consumption were noted daily. Caesarean sections were performed on Day 20 of pregnancy and the ovaries and uterine contents were recorded. Fetuses were weighed and examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformations.

No treatment-related mortality was observed at any dose level. At 1000 mg/kg bw/day, 6/20 dams showed reduced motor activity and salivation after first dosing, two of them salivation after second dosing. The reactions occurred within 5-20 minutes after administration and lasted for 20-60 minutes, 1-2 hours or 2-6 hours. Body weights remained within the normal range and body weight gain showed no influence of the test material. Transient impairment of the food consumption by the highest tested dose (1000 mg/kg bw/day) was observed on the 7th, 8th and 9th gestation day by 6%, 22% and 10%, respectively. Treatment did not influence drinking-water consumption. No treatment-related pathological changes were detected at autopsy. No dead fetuses observed in control or treatment groups. No treatment-related effects were observed on uterus and placentae weights, conception rate, mean number of corpora lutea and implantation sites, pre-implantation loss and number of viable fetuses, sex distribution of fetuses and weight of fetuses. External macroscopic examination, examination of soft tissue and skeletal examination revealed no treatment-related biologically and/or statistically significant variations/retardations. Number of resorptions and consequently the post-implantation loss were increased slightly (statistically non- significant) at 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

In conclusion, the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for maternal and fetotoxicity of camphene administered orally (gavage) was considered to be 250 mg/kg bw/day in Sprague-Dawley rats. Therefore, camphene is not considered to be teratogenic.

Justification for selection of Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route:
Only one study available for this endpoint

Justification for classification or non-classification

In a recent GLP combined repeated dose toxicity and reproduction / developmental toxicity screening test conducted according to OECD guideline 422 on Terpinolene multiconstituent, no signs of toxicity to reproduction that could be attributable to the test item were identified in male and female rats. No effects were identified on offspring of female rats exposed by diet from 2 weeks before mating until day 7 of lactation up to the highest dose tested.

In a prenatal developmental toxicity study performed in accordance with OECD guideline 414 and in compliance with GLP, camphene did not induce toxic effects to foetuses up to maternal toxic doses.

No concern arose from the reproduction/developmental toxicity studies on Terpinolene multiconstituent, a structure-related substance, and camphene, one of the main constituent of the substance. Therefore, the substance is not classified for reproduction and developmental toxicity according to the Directive 67/548/EEC and the CLP Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008.