Brief Profile

Diss Brief Profile

The Brief Profile summarizes the non-confidential data on substances as it is held in the databases of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), including data provided by third parties. The Brief Profile is automatically generated; note that it does not currently distinguish between harmonised classification and minimum classification; information requirements under different legislative frameworks may therefore not be fully up to date or complete. For accuracy reasons, substance manufacturers and imports have the responsibility to consult official sources, e.g. the electronic edition of the Official Journal of the European Union.
This Brief Profile is covered by the ECHA Legal Notice.

Substance Description

Substance identity

EC / List no.:
695-909-8
CAS no.:
35931-93-2
Index number:
Molecular formula:
C10H17N
SMILES:
C[C@H](CCC=C(C)C)CC#N
InChI:
InChI=1S/C10H17N/c1-9(2)5-4-6-10(3)7-8-11/h5,10H,4,6-7H2,1-3H3/t10-/m1/s1
Type of substance:
Mono constituent substance
Origin:
Organic
Registered compositions:
2
Of which contain:
0 impurities relevant for classification
0 additives relevant for classification
Substance Listed:

Hazard classification & labelling

According to the notifications provided by companies to ECHA in REACH registrations no hazards have been classified.

Breakdown of all 2 C&L notifications submitted to ECHA

Not Classified
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/cnl/graph/tick.png Harmonised Classification

https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/cnl/graph/Reach.png REACH registration dossiers notifications

https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/cnl/graph/CLP.png CLP notifications

Properties of concern

Regulatory context

Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation & Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)

Registration
Pre-registration:
Registration:
This substance has 1 active registrations under REACH, 1 Joint Submission(s) and 0 Individual Submission(s).
Please see Registrants/Suppliers details.
Evaluation
Dossier Evaluation:
Registration dossiers submitted to ECHA for this substance have been evaluated under REACH.
Substance Evaluation:
Authorisation
Candidate List:
Annex XIV (Authorisation List):
Restriction
Annex XVII (Restriction List):

Persistent Organic Pollutants Regulation (POPs)

List of substances subject to the POPs Regulation:
List of substances proposed as POPs:

Classification Labelling & Packaging (CLP)

Harmonised C&L:
Seveso Annex I:
Notified C&L:
Classification & Labelling has been notified by industry to ECHA for this substance.

Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR)

Active Substance:
Biocidal Products:

Prior Informed Consent (PIC)

Annex I:
Annex V:

European Union Observatory for Nanomaterials (EUON)

EUON:

About this substance

This substance is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 to < 10 tonnes per annum.

This substance is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and in manufacturing.

This substance is used in the following products: air care products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), perfumes and fragrances, polishes and waxes, washing & cleaning products and cosmetics and personal care products.

Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.

ECHA has no public registered data on the use of this substance in activities or processes at the workplace.

ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.

ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.

This substance is used in the following products: biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), polishes and waxes and washing & cleaning products.

ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using this substance.

This substance is used in the following activities or processes at workplace: closed processes with no likelihood of exposure, batch processing in synthesis or formulation with opportunity for exposure, transfer of chemicals at non-dedicated facilities, roller or brushing applications, treatment of articles by dipping and pouring, hand mixing with intimate contact only with personal protective equipment available, closed batch processing in synthesis or formulation and non-industrial spraying.

Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.

This substance is used in the following products: perfumes and fragrances.

This substance is used in the following activities or processes at workplace: transfer of chemicals, closed processes with no likelihood of exposure, closed, continuous processes with occasional controlled exposure, closed batch processing in synthesis or formulation, mixing in open batch processes, transfer of substance into small containers and laboratory work.

Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.

ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used.

ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using this substance.

ECHA has no public registered data on the use of this substance in activities or processes at the workplace.

ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.

This substance is used in the following activities or processes at workplace: closed processes with no likelihood of exposure, closed batch processing in synthesis or formulation, batch processing in synthesis or formulation with opportunity for exposure and laboratory work.

Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

ECHA has no data from registration dossiers on the precautionary measures for using this substance. Guidance on the safe use of the substance provided by manufacturers and importers of this substance.

Registrants/suppliers

  • TAKASAGO TICSA-Producer/Importer, Avenida de Mazarrón, 49 30120 El Palmar Murcia Spain

Substance names and other identifiers

(3R)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-enenitrile
Registration dossier
(3R)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-enenitrile
Registration dossier
Levocitrile
Registration dossier
35931-93-2
CAS number
Registration dossier

Scientific properties

Physical and chemical properties

This section provides physicochemical information compiled from all automatically processable data from REACH registration dossiers that is available to ECHA at the time of generation. The quality and correctness of the information remains the responsibility of the data submitter. The Agency thus cannot guarantee the correctness of the information displayed.

Appearance/physical state / colour

Study results
  • 1 study submitted
  • 0 studies processed

No automatically processable data submitted

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
C Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Physical state at 20°C and 1013 hPa
Liquid (100%)
Form
Liquid (100%)
Colour
colourless (100%)

Melting/freezing point

Study results
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

No automatically processable data submitted

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 0 summaries processed

No automatically processable data submitted

Boiling point

Study results
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 2 studies processed
R Boiling point
231.22 - 231.43 °C @ 100.468 - 101.325 kPa [4]

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
R Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Boiling point at 101 325 Pa
231.43 °C

Density

Study results
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 2 studies processed
R Relative density
0.845 @ 20 °C [2]

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
R Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Relative density at 20°C
0.845

Vapour pressure

Study results
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 2 studies processed
R Vapour pressure
4.81 - 99 Pa @ 20 - 57.79 °C [4]

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
R Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Vapour pressure
4.81 Pa @ 20 °C

Partition coefficient

Study results
  • 3 studies submitted
  • 1 study processed
R Log Pow
3.525 @ 40 °C and pH 7.2 [1]

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1
Supporting study 1 1
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
R Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Log Kow (Log Pow)
3.5 @ 40 °C

Water solubility

Study results
  • 3 studies submitted
  • 1 study processed
R Water solubility (mass/vol.)
115 mg/L @ 20 °C and pH 6.1 - 6.5 [1]

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1
Supporting study 1 1
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
R Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Water solubility
115 mg/L @ 20 °C

Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility

Data not provided by the registrant

Surface tension

Study results
  • 1 study submitted
  • 0 studies processed

No automatically processable data submitted

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
Not feasible
Sci. unjustified 1
Exposure cons.
Other
Summaries
  • 0 summaries submitted
  • 0 summaries processed

No data available

Flash point

Study results
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 2 studies processed
R Flash point
103 °C @ 101.325 kPa [2]

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
R Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Flash point at 101 325 Pa
103 °C

Auto flammability

Study results
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 2 studies processed
R Autoflammability / self-ignition
307 °C @ 101.3 kPa [2]

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
R Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Autoflammability / self-ignition at 101 325 Pa
307 °C

Flammability

Study results
  • 4 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

No automatically processable data submitted

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
Not feasible
Sci. unjustified 4
Exposure cons.
Other
Summaries
  • 0 summaries submitted
  • 0 summaries processed

No data available

Explosiveness

Study results
  • 1 study submitted
  • 0 studies processed

No automatically processable data submitted

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
Not feasible
Sci. unjustified 1
Exposure cons.
Other
Summaries
  • 0 summaries submitted
  • 0 summaries processed

No data available

Oxidising

Study results
  • 1 study submitted
  • 0 studies processed

No automatically processable data submitted

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
Not feasible
Sci. unjustified 1
Exposure cons.
Other
Summaries
  • 0 summaries submitted
  • 0 summaries processed

No data available

Oxidation reduction potential

Data not provided by the registrant

pH

Data not provided by the registrant

Dissociation constant

Data not provided by the registrant

Viscosity

Data not provided by the registrant

Environmental fate and pathways

This section provides environmental fate and pathways information compiled from all automatically processable data from REACH registration dossiers that is available to ECHA at the time of generation. The quality and correctness of the information remains the responsibility of the data submitter. The Agency thus cannot guarantee the correctness of the information displayed.

Phototransformation in air

Data not provided by the registrant

Hydrolysis

Study results
  • 1 study submitted
  • 0 studies processed

Study data not processed for brief profile

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
Not feasible
Sci. unjustified 1
Exposure cons.
Other
Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 0 summaries processed

No automatically processable data submitted

Phototransformation in water

Data not provided by the registrant

Phototransformation in soil

Data not provided by the registrant

Biodegradation in water - screening tests

Study results
  • 4 studies submitted
  • 2 studies processed
C Interpretation of results
Readily biodegradable (100%) [2]

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study 1 1
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
C Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Biodegradation in water
Readily biodegradable (100%)

Biodegradation in water & sediment - simulation tests

Data not provided by the registrant

Biodegradation in soil

Data not provided by the registrant

Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment

Data not provided by the registrant

Bioaccumulation: terrestrial

Data not provided by the registrant

Adsorption/desorption

Study results
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

No automatically processable data submitted

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
R Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Koc at 20°C
1 909

Henrys law constant (H)

Data not provided by the registrant

Distribution modelling

Data not provided by the registrant

Ecotoxicological information

This section provides ecotoxicological information compiled from all automatically processable data from REACH registration dossiers that is available to ECHA at the time of generation. The quality and correctness of the information remains the responsibility of the data submitter. The Agency thus cannot guarantee the correctness of the information displayed.

Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC)

R Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed

The Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) value is the concentration of a substance below which adverse effects in the environment are not expected to occur. Please note that when more than one summary is provided, PNEC values may refer to constituents of the substance and not to the substance as a whole. More detailed information is available in the dossiers.

Hazard for Aquatic Organisms
Freshwater 11.4 µg/L (1)
Intermittent releases (freshwater) 114 µg/L (1)
Marine water 1.14 µg/L (1)
Intermittent releases (marine water) -
Sewage treatment plant (STP) 1 g/L (1)
Sediment (freshwater) 2.22 mg/kg sediment dw (1)
Sediment (marine water) 220 µg/kg sediment dw (1)
Hazard for Air
Air No hazard identified (1)
Hazard for Terrestrial Organism
Soil 435 µg/kg soil dw (1)
Hazard for Predators
Secondary poisoning 66.67 mg/kg food (1)

Short–term toxicity to fish

Study results
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 2 studies processed
P/RResults
LC50 (4 days) 31.58 mg/L [2]
LC0 (4 days) 21.5 mg/L [2]
LC100 (4 days) 46.4 mg/L [2]
NOEC (4 days) 10 mg/L [2]

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 0 summaries processed

No automatically processable data submitted

Long–term toxicity to fish

Data not provided by the registrant

Short–term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Study results
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 2 studies processed
P/RResults
EC50 (48 h) 11.4 - 12.1 mg/L [4]

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 0 summaries processed

No automatically processable data submitted

Long–term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Data not provided by the registrant

Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

Study results
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 2 studies processed
P/RResults
EC50 (72 h) 14.5 mg/L [2]
EC10 (72 h) 9.27 mg/L [2]

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
R Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
EC50 for freshwater algae
14.5 mg/L
EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae
9.27 mg/L

Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae

Data not provided by the registrant

Toxicity to microorganisms

Study results
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 2 studies processed
P/RResults
EC10 (30 min) 10 g/L [2]

Type of Study provided
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
R Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
EC50 for microorganisms
10 g/L

Sediment toxicity

Data not provided by the registrant

Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo

Data not provided by the registrant

Toxicity to terrestrial macroorganisms except arthropods

Data not provided by the registrant

Toxicity to terrestrial arthropods

Data not provided by the registrant

Toxicity to terrestrial plants

Data not provided by the registrant

Toxicity to soil microorganisms

Data not provided by the registrant

Toxicity to birds

Data not provided by the registrant

Toxicity to mammals

Data not provided by the registrant

Toxicological information

This section provides toxicological information compiled from all automatically processable data from REACH registration dossiers that is available to ECHA at the time of generation. The quality and correctness of the information remains the responsibility of the data submitter. The Agency thus cannot guarantee the correctness of the information displayed.

Derived No- or Minimal Effect Level (DN(M)EL)

M/C Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed

The derived no- or minimum effect level (DN(M)EL) is the level of exposure above which a human should not be exposed to a substance. Please note that when more than one summary is provided, DN(M)EL values may refer to constituents of the substance and not to the substance as a whole. More detailed information is available in the dossiers.

Data for WORKERS
INHALATION Exposure Threshold Most sensitive study
Systemic Effects
Long-term: (DNEL) 5.3 mg/m³ repeated dose toxicity
Acute /short term: No hazard identified
Local Effects
Long-term: No hazard identified
Acute /short term: No hazard identified
DERMAL Exposure Threshold Most sensitive study
Systemic Effects
Long-term: (DNEL) 940 µg/kg bw/day repeated dose toxicity
Acute /short term: No hazard identified
Local Effects
Long-term: No hazard identified
Acute /short term: No hazard identified
EYE Exposure
No hazard identified
Data for the GENERAL POPULATION
INHALATION Exposure Threshold Most sensitive study
Systemic Effects
Long-term: (DNEL) 1.3 mg/m³ repeated dose toxicity
Acute /short term: No hazard identified
Local Effects
Long-term: No hazard identified
Acute /short term: No hazard identified
DERMAL Exposure Threshold Most sensitive study
Systemic Effects
Long-term: (DNEL) 470 µg/kg bw/day repeated dose toxicity
Acute /short term: No hazard identified
Local Effects
Long-term: No hazard identified
Acute /short term: No hazard identified
ORAL Exposure Threshold Most sensitive study
Systemic Effects
Long-term: (DNEL) 750 µg/kg bw/day repeated dose toxicity
Acute /short term: No hazard identified
EYE Exposure
No hazard identified

Toxicokinetics, metabolism, and distribution

Study results
Study data: basic toxicokinetics
  • 1 study submitted
  • 0 studies processed

Study data not processed for brief profile

Type of Study provided
Study data: basic toxicokinetics
Studies with data
Key study 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
Study data: dermal absorption
  • 1 study submitted
  • 0 studies processed

Study data not processed for brief profile

Study data: dermal absorption
Studies with data
Key study
Supporting study 1
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
M/C Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Absorption values
Dermal: 80 %

Acute toxicity

Study results
oral
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 2 studies processed
M/CInterpretations of results
Category 5 based on GHS criteria [2]

Type of Study provided
oral
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
inhalation
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 2 studies processed
P/RResults
LC50 (4 h) 4.9 mg/L air (rat) [2]
M/CInterpretations of results
GHS criteria not met [1]

inhalation
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
dermal
  • 1 study submitted
  • 0 studies processed

No automatically processable data submitted

dermal
Studies with data
Key study
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
Not feasible
Sci. unjustified 1
Exposure cons.
Other
other routes
  • 0 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

No data available

other routes
Studies with data
Key study
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
M/C Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Oral route:
Adverse effect observed LD50 4 490 mg/kg bw
Inhalation route:
No adverse effect observed LC50 4.9 mg/L air

Irritation / corrosion

Study results
Study data: skin
  • 3 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

Study data not processed for brief profile

Type of Study provided
Study data: skin
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
Not feasible
Sci. unjustified 1
Exposure cons.
Other
Study data: eye
  • 3 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

Study data not processed for brief profile

Study data: eye
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
Not feasible
Sci. unjustified 1
Exposure cons.
Other
M/C Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Skin
No adverse effect observed (not irritating)
Eye
No adverse effect observed (not irritating)

Sensitisation

Study results
Study data: skin
  • 3 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

Study data not processed for brief profile

Type of Study provided
Study data: skin
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
Not feasible
Sci. unjustified 1
Exposure cons.
Other
Study data: respiratory
  • 0 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

Study data not processed for brief profile

Study data: respiratory
Studies with data
Key study
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
M/C Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Skin sensitisation
No adverse effect observed (not sensitising)
Respiratory sensitisation
No study available

Repeated dose toxicity

Study results
Study data: oral
  • 4 studies submitted
  • 4 studies processed
P/RResults
NOAEL (rat): 200 - 300 mg/kg bw/day [4]
NOEL (rat): 30 mg/kg bw/day [2]

Type of Study provided
Study data: oral
Studies with data
Key study 2 2
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
Study data: inhalation
  • 0 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

No data available

Study data: inhalation
Studies with data
Key study
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
Study data: dermal
  • 0 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

No data available

Study data: dermal
Studies with data
Key study
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
M/C Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Oral route - systemic effects:
No adverse effect observed NOAEL 300 mg/kg bw/day (subchronic, rat)

Genetic toxicity

Study results
Study data: in vitro
  • 5 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

Study data not processed for brief profile

Type of Study provided
Study data: in vitro
Studies with data
Key study 2 2
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
Not feasible
Sci. unjustified 1
Exposure cons.
Other
Study data: in vivo
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

Study data not processed for brief profile

Study data: in vivo
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
M/C Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Toxicity - InVitro
No adverse effect observed (negative)
Toxicity - InVivo
No adverse effect observed (negative)

Carcinogenicity

Data not provided by the registrant

Toxicity to reproduction

Study results
Study data: reproduction
  • 2 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

Study data not processed for brief profile

Type of Study provided
Study data: reproduction
Studies with data
Key study 1 1
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
Study data: developmental
  • 0 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

Study data not processed for brief profile

Study data: developmental
Studies with data
Key study
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
Study data: other studies
  • 0 studies submitted
  • 0 studies processed

Study data not processed for brief profile

Study data: other studies
Studies with data
Key study
Supporting study
Weight of evidence
Other
Data waiving
no waivers
M/C Summaries
  • 1 summary submitted
  • 1 summary processed
Effect on fertility
Oral route:
No adverse effect observed NOAEL 500 mg/kg bw/day (subacute, rat)
Effect on developmental toxicity
Oral route:
Adverse effect observed NOAEL 500 mg/kg bw/day (subacute, rat)

Neurotoxicity

Data not provided by the registrant

Immunotoxicity

Data not provided by the registrant

Endocrine disrupter mammalian screening - in vivo

Data not provided by the registrant