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EC number: 215-607-8 | CAS number: 1333-82-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1983 to 1985
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- The EU RAR summarises the results of two studies which have limitations regarding study design and reliability. However, the results of these studies, on four species, combined with data on algae, provide an adequate assessment of toxicity to primary producers in the aquatic compartment.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Guideline:
- other: different studies included
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Two studies on four species, collectively, provide an adequate assessment of toxicity to aquatic plants.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Range of methods used
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Range of media used
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Lemna gibba, Lemna minor, Spirodela polyrhiza and Spirodela punctata
- Test type:
- other: Different test designs
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Range used
- Post exposure observation period:
- Not indicated
- Hardness:
- Range from different tests
- Test temperature:
- Range from different tests
- pH:
- Range from different tests
- Dissolved oxygen:
- Range from different tests
- Salinity:
- Range from different tests
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Range from different tests
- Details on test conditions:
- Range from different tests
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Based on a review of data on algae and aquatic plants, the data from the EU RAR provides an acceptable assessment of toxicity to aquatic primary producers.
- Executive summary:
From two studies with four species, the 7 to 8 day NOEC values (growth) to aquatic plants range from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/L, based on tests with potassium dichromate and sodium chromate.
Where comparison is possible, the toxicity of sodium chromate or sodium dichromate, when expressed on a total chromium basis, does not appear to be significantly different from that of potassium dichromate. This is as would be expected if the equilibria between the chromate and dichromate anions are established in the test medium. Little information is available for ammonium dichromate and chromic acid, but it would be expected that their toxicity would be similar to that of the other chromates/dichromates, when expressed on a total chromium concentration basis.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- not specified
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 221 (Lemna sp. Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- no details on test concentration preparation or assessment of endpoint parameters
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: not specified
- Test concentration separation factor: sqrt(10), approx. 3.2 - Test organisms (species):
- Lemna minor
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: duckweed
- Strain: M19
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): standardized laboratory culture
- Method of cultivation: The composition of the standard medium for culturing and testing is presented in section "Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables".
ACCLIMATION
- Culturing media and conditions (same as test or not): The same standard medium was used for culturing and testing. The composition is presented in section "Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables". - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 7 d
- Test temperature:
- 25+/-1°C
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 0.2 L test volume per concentration
- No. of colonies per vessel: 2
- No. of fronds per colony: 2
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: The composition of the standard medium for testing is presented in section "Any other information on materials and methods incl tables".
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Light intensity and quality: 35 W/m²
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
As effect parameter the specific growth rate was measured for each test group. - Key result
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.32 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The NOEC value is based on nominal test concentrations.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- A toxicity study was conducted with the freshwater aquatic plant Lemna minor exposed to potassium dichromate for a test duration of 7 days under static laboratory conditions. The test conditions are well described and comparable to OECD TG 221. Hence, the results can be considered as reliable for the assessment of the toxicity of the registered substance to aquatic plants other than algae.
The test was set up with 2 colonies of 2 fronts per 0.2 mL test volume for each test vessel of the test groups. The effect parameter measured throughout the test was the specific growth rate of the test organisms in comparison to the control. Based on the obtained results, a 7-d NOEC of nominal 0.32 mg/L was determined for Lemna minor. - Executive summary:
The relative susceptibility of 11 taxonomically different species (bacteria, algae, plants, crustaceans, insects, hydrozoans, molluscs, fish and amphibians) to chemicals was determined by comparing the (semi)chronic toxicity data of 8 test substances, one of them being potassium dichromate. The test was carried out with Lemna minor representing an aquatic plant other than algae in a way that is comparable to OECD TG 221 for a test duration of 7 days under static conditions.The test was set up with 2 colonies of 2 fronts per 0.2 mL test volume for each test vessel of the test groups. The effect parameter measured throughout the test was the specific growth rate of the test organisms in comparison to the control. Based on the obtained results, a 7-d NOEC of nominal 0.32 mg/L was determined for Lemna minor.
Referenceopen allclose all
The results of the studies evaluated in the EU RAR are summarised below:
Species |
Endpoint: |
Value (mg/L) |
Reference |
Lemna gibba |
8 d NOEC (g) |
0.1b,d |
Staves and Knaus (1985) |
Lemna minor |
7 d NOEC (g) |
0.11 |
Sloof and Canton (1983) |
Spirodela polyrhiza |
8 d NOEC (g) |
0.1b,d |
Staves and Knaus (1985) |
Spirodela punctata |
8 d NOEC (g) |
0.5a,b,d |
Staves and Knaus (1985) |
a NOEC calculated as LOEC/2 from paper, effect of 14%; (b) - biomass; (g) – growth
b sodium chromate tested; all others used potassium dichromate. All concentrations as Cr.
d study rated as IIIb
Description of key information
1) Key_ Toxicity to aquatic plants by summary of data from European Union Risk Assessment Report: chromium trioxide, sodium chromate, sodium dichromate, ammonium dichromate and potassium dichromate
3rd. Priority List; Volume 53: NOEC = 0.1 - 0.5 mg/L (nominal) for four species from various studies with similar test durations ranging from 7 to 8 days, for potassium dichromate and sodium chromate.
2) Key_Toxicity to aquatic plants: NOEC (7d) = 0.32 mg/L for growth of Lemna minor exposed to potassium dichromate (static, freshwater, test design comparable with OECD 221)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater plants:
- 0.1 mg/L
Additional information
1) From two studies with four species, the 7 to 8 day NOEC values (growth) to aquatic plants range from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/L, based on tests with potassium dichromate and sodium chromate.
Where comparison is possible, the toxicity of sodium chromate or sodium dichromate, when expressed on a total chromium basis, does not appear to be significantly different from that of potassium dichromate. This is as would be expected if the equilibria between the chromate and dichromate anions are established in the test medium. Little information is available for ammonium dichromate and chromic acid, but it would be expected that their toxicity would be similar to that of the other chromates/dichromates, when expressed on a total chromium concentration basis.
2) The relative susceptibility of 11 taxonomically different species (bacteria, algae, plants, crustaceans, insects, hydrozoans, molluscs, fish and amphibians) to chemicals was determined by comparing the (semi)chronic toxicity data of 8 test substances, one of them being potassium dichromate. The test was carried out with Lemna minor representing an aquatic plant other than algae in a way that is comparable to OECD TG 221 for a test duration of 7 days under static conditions.The test was set up with 2 colonies of 2 fronts per 0.2 mL test volume for each test vessel of the test groups. The effect parameter measured throughout the test was the specific growth rate of the test organisms in comparison to the control. Based on the obtained results, a 7-d NOEC of nominal 0.32 mg/L was determined for Lemna minor.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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