2-furoic acid

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Justification for type of information:

Data is from peer reviewed publication

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

Gene mutation toxicity study of the test chemical

Author:

Masataka Ichikawa et. al.

Year:

1986

Bibliographic source:

Carcinogenesis vol.7, 1986

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Ames assay was performed to determine the mutagenic nature of test chemical

GLP compliance:

no

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

2-furoic acid

EC Number:

201-803-0

EC Name:

2-furoic acid

Cas Number:

88-14-2

Molecular formula:

C5H4O3

IUPAC Name:

furan-2-carboxylic acid

Test material form:

solid: particulate/powder

Details on test material:

- Name of test material: 2-furoic acid
- IUPAC name: furan-2-carboxylic acid
- Molecular formula: C5H4O3
- Molecular weight: 112.084 g/mole
- Smiles : c1(C(O)=O)ccco1
- Inchl: 1S/C5H4O3/c6-5(7)4-2-1-3-8-4/h1-3H,(H,6,7)
- Substance type: Organic
- Physical state: Solid powder (white)

Method

Target gene:

Histidine

Species / strain

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium, other: TA98 and TA100

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

No data

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not specified

Cytokinesis block (if used):

No data

Metabolic activation:

not specified

Metabolic activation system:

No data

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 µg/plate

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: Spectral grade DMSO
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: The test chemical dissolved in Spectral grade DMSO

Controls

Untreated negative controls:

not specified

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

spectral grade DMSO

True negative controls:

not specified

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

methylmethanesulfonate

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation)

DURATION
- Preincubation period: No data
- Exposure duration: 40 hrs in dark
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 40 hrs in dark
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): No data
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): No data

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): No data
SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): No data
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): No data

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: Duplicates

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: No data

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: mitotic index; cloning efficiency; relative total growth; other: No data

OTHER EXAMINATIONS:
- Determination of polyploidy: No data
- Determination of endoreplication: No data
- Other:

OTHER: Compounds showing any ambiguity in the assays were tested twice at concentrations of up to 100 /µg/plate.

The experiments on the effect of pH on the mutagenic activity of the 2-furoate derivatives were performed using a series of base agar plates buffered in the range of pH 6.2-7.2. Agar plates of varying pH were prepared using phosphate buffer.

Rationale for test conditions:

No data

Evaluation criteria:

Chemicals that caused dose-dependent induction of more than twice the number of spontaneous revertants were defined as mutagenic, and mutagenic activity is expressed as the number of revertants per nmol, which was calculated from the linear portion of the dose -response curve.

Statistics:

No data

Results and discussion

Test results

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium, other: TA98 and TA100

Metabolic activation:

not specified

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

not specified

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not specified

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: No detailed data available
- Effects of osmolality: No data
- Evaporation from medium: No data
- Water solubility: No data
- Precipitation: No data
- Other confounding effects: No data

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: No data

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: No data

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: No data

Remarks on result:

other: No mutagenic potential

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Test chemical did not induce reversion in Salmonella typhumurium TA100 and TA98 and hence it is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.

Executive summary:

Ames assay was performed to determine the mutagenic nature of test chemical The study was perfomed using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 and TA98. The test chemical was dissolved in spectral grade DMSO and used at dose levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100µg/plate. The plates were incubated for 40 hrs and then observed for number of revertants/plate.The test chemical did not induce reversion inSalmonella typhumurium TA100 and TA98and hence it is not likely to classify as a gene mutant in vitro.