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EC number: 236-671-3 | CAS number: 13463-41-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
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- Density
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- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
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- Endpoint summary
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- Ecotoxicological Summary
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- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
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Biodegradation in water and sediment: simulation tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Degradation rates: water (20degrees C) = 0.176d-1, sediment (20 degrees C) = 0.63d-1
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
The information contained within this robust summary document comes from studies which are in the ownership of Arch Chemicals Inc and which are protected in several regions globally. This information may not be used for any purpose other than in support of the Chemical safety Report submitted by Arch Chemicals Inc. under RegulationEC 1907/2006
A study conducted according to the OECD 303A Simulation Test - Aerobic Sewage Treatment guideline is available(Itrich 2006), the results from which provide information on the degradation of zinc pyrithione under simulated sewage treatment plant conditions. Most of the work on the simulation test has been completed, and preliminary results are provided in the discussions that follow. The higher-level simulation tests conducted using natural water includes a freshwater die-away study and a seawater die-away study. The higher-level simulation tests conducted using natural sediment/water systems include: two aerobic aquatic metabolism studies; two anaerobic aquatic metabolism studies; a saltwater microcosm study; and a freshwater microcosm study.
Aerobic Biodegradation
Refer toTable12for a summary of the results.
Seawater/sediment studiesRitter (1999a) and Ritter (1999b)
These studies were conducted in the dark with seawater and sediment. Mineralization to CO2was insignificant during the timeframe of the study; however the percentage of the dose converted to bound residues in the sediment increased to 29% of the dose by day-30.
Pyrithione thiosulfate (OTS) was seen in the sediment extracts.
The results from the aerobic aquatic metabolism studies with zinc pyrithione and copper pyrithione showed that pyrithione (including OTS) degraded in the water/sediment with an initial half-life (DT50) of 0.89 days.
Initial degradation was biphasic and fit a two-compartment model consisting of the water compartment and the sediment compartment. The derived rate constant for degradation in the water compartment was 11.4 day-1(1.5 hour half-life). This is much faster than the measured hydrolysis rate and, since the study was done in the absence of light, was not the result of photolysis. Because biodegradation is unlikely to occur quite this rapidly, the initial loss is attributed to abiotic sediment mediated degradation.
Seawater die-away study(Fenn, 1995)
This study was conducted in the dark with seawater without sediment.
A 2-3 day induction period was observed, during which the pelagic organisms presumably adapted to pyrithione as food source, followed by rapid first-order degradation. The average degradation rate of 0.2014 day-1(22º C) for ZnPT was adjusted to 0.176 day-1for 20º C.
Freshwater die-away study(Fenn 1996)
This study was conducted in the dark with river water without sediment. Zinc pyrithione degraded according to first-order kinetics with a half life of 17 hours at room temperature. The degradation half life of 17 hours may be regarded as biological since light was excluded and hydrolysis in sterile water occurs at a much slower rate.
Seawater microcosm study(McLaughlin, 2003)
This study was an outdoor study conducted with seawater and sediment with exposure to sunlight.
Analyses for pyrithione and degradation products were done on the water and sediment over a period of 30 days. Degradation of pyrithione was first order after dosing during the day. A rate constant of 1.16 hr-1, corresponding to a half life of 35.8 minutes, was obtained. Pyrithione was not detected in the water or sediment 4 hours after dosing during the daytime.
Freshwater microcosm study(Fenn, 2008)
This study was an outdoor study conducted with fresh water and sediment with exposure to sunlight.
Analyses were done on the water and sediment over a period of 55 days for pyrithione and degradation products. No pyrithione was found in the sediment. The concentration of pyrithione in the water decreased from 74.0% of the dose at time 0 to 0.4% of the dose at 6 hours. The half life from time 0 to 4 hours was calculated to be 44 minutes.
Anaerobic degradation
Refer toTable13for a summary of the results.
Seawater/sediment studies(Ritter, 1999c and d)
After doses of 50 ng/g (0.05 ppm) to a water/sediment system in the dark, zinc pyrithione degraded rapidly following bi-phasic kinetics. The initial half-life was 0.5 hours, with 70% of the dose degraded at the first sampling time (<1 hour) and over 90% at the second time point (six hours). After 3 days, only 1% of the dose remained. Mineralization to CO2was insignificant during the timeframe of the study; however the percentage of the dose converted to bound residues in the sediment increased to 52.7% of the dose by day-182.
Table12:Biodegradation of ZnPT and CuPT
Guideline / |
Test type1 |
Test parameter |
Inoculum |
Addi-tional substr. |
TS conc. |
Degradation |
Reference |
|||
Type |
Concentration |
Adaptation |
Incubat-ion period |
Degree |
||||||
No guidelines for this study |
Aerobic marine water system (dark) |
Pyrithione concentration over time Metabolite formation |
Natural seawater |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
No |
ZnPT 33 ng/mL |
14 |
T day 0: 100% remaining T day 1: 96.2% T day 2: 94.6% T day 3: 93.7% T day 7: 50.9% T day 14: 10.4% DT50= 3.4 days |
Fenn (1995) Unpublished study |
No guidelines for this study |
Aerobic freshwater system (dark) |
Pyrithione concentration over time Metabolite formation |
Natural river water |
Not applicable |
Not applicable |
No |
ZnPT 8 ng/mL |
24 hours |
T hour 0: 66.1% remaining T hour 2: 55.0% T hour 8: 46.9% T hour 23.5: 24.4% DT50= 17 hours |
Fenn (1966) Unpublished study |
U.S. EPA §162-4
|
Aerobic marine water sediment system (dark) |
pyrithione dissipation in aqueous phase and sediment; |
Natural marine water and sediment |
5g (dw) marine sediment in 10ml water |
Not applicable |
No |
ZnPT 52.2 ng/g |
30 days |
ZnPT DT50- 0.03 days DT90 - 1.3 days ZnPT + OTS DT50 - 0.89 days DT90 - 34 days |
Ritter (1999a) Unpublished study |
U.S. EPA §162-4 |
Aerobic marine water sediment system (dark) |
pyrithione dissipation in aqueous phase and sediment; |
Natural marine water and sediment |
5g (dw) marine sediment in 10ml water |
Not applicable |
No |
CuPT 46.5 ng/g
|
84 days |
CuPT DT50- 0.03 days DT90 - 1.3 days CuPT + OTS DT50 - 0.89 days DT90 - 34 days |
Ritter (1999b) Unpublished study |
U.S. EPA §162-3
|
Anaerobic marine water sediment system (dark) |
pyrithione dissipation in aqueous phase and sediment; |
Natural marine water and sediment |
5g (dw) marine sediment in 10ml water |
Not applicable |
No |
ZnPT 50 ng/g
|
30 days |
ZPT DT50water- 0.52 hours DT90water - 2.8 hours
DT50sediment - 17 hours |
Ritter (1999c) Unpublished study |
U.S. EPA §162-3
|
Anaerobic marine water sediment system (dark) |
pyrithione dissipation in aqueous phase and sediment; |
Natural marine water and sediment |
5g (dw) marine sediment in 10ml water |
Not applicable |
No |
CuPT 46 ng/g |
182 days |
CuPT DT50water0.52 hours DT90water 2.8 hours
DT50sediment 17 hours |
Ritter (1999d) Unpublished study |
No guidelines for this study |
Aerobic marine water and sediment microcosm (one dosed in the dark and one dosed during daylight) |
- pyrithione dissipation in aqueous phase and sediment |
Natural marine water and sediment |
3 cm of sediment with 25 - 30 cm of overlying water |
Not applicable |
No |
ZnPT 53 ng/g |
30 days |
Day time dosing: DT50- 36 minutes Night dosing: DT50- ~20 hours during darkness |
McLaughlin (2003) Unpublished study |
No guidelines for this study |
Aerobic fresh water and sediment microcosm (dosed during daylight) |
- pyrithione dissipation in aqueous phase and sediment |
Natural marine water and sediment |
3 cm of sediment with 25 cm of overlying water |
Not applicable |
No |
ZnPT 50 ng/g |
55 days |
DT50- 44 minutes |
Fenn (2006) Unpublished study |
OECD 303A |
Simulation test - Aerobic Sewage Treatm-ent |
Removal of parent in effluent; distribution of radiolabel in CO2, effluent, and solids; % of parent and metabolites in effluent and solids |
Activated sewage sludge |
Not applicable |
No adaptation other than that which occurs during normal operation of the plant from which the substrate was obtained |
No |
ZnPT 4 ng/mL |
hydraulic retention time (HRT) - 6 hours |
~99% removal of zinc pyrithione was attained |
Itrich 2006 Unpublished study Key study |
Table13: Maximum amount (%) of degradation products identified and detected more than 10% at one time and maximum amount of bound residues in water-sediment degradation studies of copper pyrithione (CuPT) and zinc pyrithione (ZnPT)
Degradation Products |
Aerobic water/sediment system |
Anaerobic water sediment/system |
||||||
Marine |
Freshwater |
Marine |
Freshwater |
|||||
|
EZPTF 7012‑221 ZnPT (30 days) |
EZPTF 7012‑222 ZnPT (30 days) |
|
EZPTF 7012‑224 ZnPT (30 days) |
EZPTF 7012‑225 ZnPT (90 days) |
|||
OTS |
|
25% (day-0) |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
OMSiA |
|
45% (day-3) |
17% (day-30) |
16% (day-1) |
|
10% (day-0) |
- |
13% (day-0.25) |
OMSA |
|
22% (day-30) |
15% (day-30) |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
PSoA |
|
15% (day-30) |
- |
- |
|
- |
11% (day-7) |
23% (day-0.75) |
PSiA |
|
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
57% (day-90) |
31% (day-90) |
OMDS |
|
- |
33% (day-7) |
17% (day-7) |
|
- |
30% (day-0) |
15% (day-14) |
PDS |
|
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
12% (day-3) |
11% (day-90) |
2-MP |
|
|
|
|
|
70% (day-7) |
20% (day-14) |
|
Mixed disulfide |
|
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
15% (day-2) |
Unidentified metabolites |
|
- |
- |
16% (day-7) |
|
- |
10% (day-90) |
23% (day-1) |
CO2 |
|
- |
- |
12% (day-30) |
|
- |
- |
|
Bound residues |
|
29% (day-30) |
37% (day-21) |
64% (day-21) |
|
22% (day-30) |
11% (day-30) |
35% (day-60) |
(OMSiA= pyrithione sulfinic acid, OMSoA=pyrithione sulfonic acid, PSoA=2-pyridine sulfonic acid, PSiA=2-pyridine sulfinic acid, OTS= pyrithione thiosulfate, OMDS=pyrithione disulfide, 2-MP=2-mercaptopyridine, mixed disulfide=the disulfide of 2-mercaptopyridine and 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide)
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