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EC number: 201-579-4 | CAS number: 85-00-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in soil
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in soil: simulation testing
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 19 Nov 1987 to 5 Dec 1988
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: EPA Guideline N-162-1
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Test type:
- laboratory
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Soil classification:
- USDA (US Department of Agriculture)
- Year:
- 1 987
- Soil no.:
- #1
- Soil type:
- sandy loam
- % Clay:
- 16
- % Silt:
- 22
- % Sand:
- 62
- % Org. C:
- 1.74
- pH:
- 7.5
- CEC:
- 12.4 meq/100 g soil d.w.
- Bulk density (g/cm³):
- 1.41
- Details on soil characteristics:
- - Soil preparation: Stockton sandy loam soil with a moisture content of 3.01% was sieved through a 2 mm screen before applying to the test tube.
- Soil No.:
- #1
- Duration:
- 274 d
- Soil No.:
- #1
- Initial conc.:
- 2.677 mg/kg soil d.w.
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Remarks:
- cation
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- CO2 evolution
- radiochem. meas.
- Soil No.:
- #1
- Temp.:
- 25.3 ± 0.4 ˚C
- Humidity:
- 3.01%
- Microbial biomass:
- Day 0 - Baterial: 1.0E+6 (control); 3.2E+6 (treated) - Fungal: 6.0E+3 (control); 5.0E+5 (treated) After 274 days contact - Baterial: 5.8E+6 (control); 5.0E+6 (treated) - Fungal: 5.6E+4 (control); 4.5E+4 (treated)
- Details on experimental conditions:
- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
- Soil weight per test vessel: 10.000 ± 0.0001 g dry weight
- No. of replication controls: 19
- No. of replication treatments: 22
- No. of replicate for microbial activity analysis: 11
- Test vessel: Silanized 50 mL culture tubes
- Test system: All ground glass joints were treated with sealing wax to preserve the integrity of the closed system which was operated under positive pressure. Each sample was thoroughly mixed on a vortex type mixer for approximately one minute and then placed into a metabolism vessel in an environmental chamber.
- Details of traps for CO2 and organic volatile: Effluent air was passed through 250 mL solutions of ethylene glycol and 1N H2S04 to trap volatile organics, and duplicate 250 mL 1N KOH solutions to trap CO2.
- Control: An identical system containing undosed culture tubes was run concurrently as a control.
- Test material application: A 284 µg/L aliquot of 14C-labelled test substance stock solution containing 94.2 µg cation/mL was injected into each test tube.
SAMPLING DETAILS
- Sampling intervals: The study sediment and water were analyzed for microbial activity by conducting bacterial and fungal plate count analyses at the study initiation and at 6-months and 9-months after dosing. Duplicate soil sample tubes were removed from the metabolism vessel on each of the prescribed 11 sampling times; day 0, day 1, day 3, day 7, day 14, 1-month, 2-months, 3-months, 4-months, 6-months, and 9-months.
- Storage of samples: At -22 °C until the completion of the study period. One sample from each sampling period was then packed in dry ice and shipped to analysis facility where the samples were stored frozen at -15°C for a maximum of 2 months pending analysis.
At each sampling interval the ethylene glycol, and H2SO4 trapping solutions were transferred to 250 mL amber glass bottles. The KOH trapping solutions were transferred to 250 mL Nalgene bottles at each sampling interval also. Radioactivity in these trapping solutions was quantified by liquid scintillation counting. - Soil No.:
- #1
- % Total extractable:
- 91.4
- % Non extractable:
- 8.6
- % Recovery:
- 100
- Parent/product:
- parent
- Key result
- Soil No.:
- #1
- % Degr.:
- < 5
- Parameter:
- radiochem. meas.
- Remarks:
- cation
- Sampling time:
- 9 mo
- Remarks on result:
- other: No degradation of the test substance was observed.
- Key result
- Soil No.:
- #1
- DT50:
- > 9 mo
- Type:
- (pseudo-)first order (= half-life)
- Temp.:
- 25 °C
- Remarks on result:
- other: No degradation of the test substance was observed and thus no half life could be determined.
- Transformation products:
- no
- Evaporation of parent compound:
- not specified
- Volatile metabolites:
- no
- Residues:
- yes
- Details on results:
- An overview of the results is provided in Table 1 – Table 3 in ‘Any other information on results incl. tables’
Recovery and mass balance: The 14C-residues in the test system were characterized as volatile residues and extractable and non -extractable soil residues. The ten hour acid reflux with 18N H3SO4 was an effective means of separating the test substance from the soil as a maximum of 1.1% of the 14C-residues (0.03 µg test substance/g) was associated with the soil after refluxing. The remainder of the residues constituted the extractable soil residues for each sampling period. The mean fraction of soluble 14C-residues present as the test substance in the soil was 99.6% (std. dev. = 0.7%) for all sampling periods as determined by HPLC analysis of the appropriate extracts. The range of percent test substance in these extracts was 99.5 - 100.0%, with 100% of the 14C-residues characterized as the test substance at the termination (9 months) of the study. The range of MC-mass balance for this study is 99.2 - 107.1%.
Degradation: No quantity of 14C greater than background eluted from the HPLC column with retention times similar to those of the metabolites of the test substance. The test substance was the only 14C-labelled compounds detected in this study. As indicated by co-chromatography of the analytical test substance standard and visualization under ultraviolet light, the test substance residues were located on the TLC plates in the regions with Rf values of 0 - 0.38 on the cellulose plates and 0 - 0.23 on the silica plates. The remainder of the TLC plates were divided into 2 (cellulose ) or 3(silica) regions. The quantification of radioactivity in these regions confirms the HPLC analysis and indicate that the test substance is the only metabolite detected in this study.
The slope of the degradation curve for the test substance [time vs ln% (total test substance/initial dose)] is -0.000202. A confidence level of p = 0.3435 was calculated by SAS linear regression analysis program. This indicates that the slope of the degradation curve is not significantly different than zero; therefore, the data indicate that the test substance is not degrading in the test system. No degradation of the test substance was observed and thus no half-life could be determined. In addition, there was no 14C-labelled volatiles detected. - Conclusions:
- The test substance has been shown to be stable under the conditions of an aerobic metabolism study conducted in sandy loam soil at a dose rate of 2.677 µg cation/g sediment. Both the TLC and HPLC analysis indicate that 14C-labelled residues were present solely as the test substance. As the concentration of the test substance remained constant during the study period, no valid half-life could be determined. Furthermore, no volatile products including 14CO2 were detected.
- Executive summary:
The degradation of 14C radiolabelled test substance has been studied in Stockton sandy loam soil at a dose rate of 2.677 µg test substance (as cation)/g of soil. The study followed EPA Pesticide Assessment Guideline Section 162-1 and was incompliance with GLP criteria. Aerobic soils were incubated in darkness at 25.3 ± 0.4˚C for 9 months (274 days). Volatile and gaseous products from degradation were 'trapped' and radioactivity in soils was extracted and analszed. The degradation rate and the formation of degradation products of the test substance in soil was studied.
After 9 months, the range of 14C-mass balance for this study was 99.2 - 107.1%. Both the TLC and HPLC analysis indicated that 14C-residues were present solely as the parent compound (test substance) ie. no degradation occurred in soil over a period of 9 months. Furthermore, no volatile products including 14CO2 were detected. As a consequence, no degradation half-life could be determined.
Reference
Table 1. HPLC analysis of soil and water samples
HPLC column recoveries of extracts |
||||
Sample day |
Total DPM injected |
Total DPM recovered |
% Recovered |
% asa the test substance |
0 |
249,433 |
250,293 |
100.4 |
99.5 |
1 |
367,350 |
346,450 |
94.3 |
97.5 |
3 |
491,475 |
526,124 |
107.1 |
100.0 |
7 |
543,750 |
545,668 |
100.3 |
100.0 |
14 |
383,800 |
380,838 |
99.2 |
99.9 |
1 month |
443,100 |
450,469 |
101.6 |
99.8 |
2 month |
720,400 |
725,028 |
100.7 |
99.8 |
3 month |
501,625 |
528,284 |
105.3 |
100.0 |
4 month |
408,450 |
419,067 |
102.5 |
99.7 |
6 month |
632,475 |
673,099 |
106.5 |
99.7 |
9 month |
547,125 |
575,195 |
105.1 |
99.5 |
14C Standard |
512,230 |
512,230 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
* % as diquat by HPLC = [( DPM in test substance Peak )/(Total DPM Recovered )] x 100.
Table 2. Degradation rate of 14C-labelled test substance during test
|
% of Dose as the test substance cationa |
|||
Days after application |
Extractable soil |
Non-extractable soil |
Total test substance |
1n% total test substance |
0 |
102.7 |
1.16 |
103.9 |
4.638 |
1 |
86.5 |
1.01 |
87.5 |
4.471 |
3 |
1053 |
0.33 |
105.7 |
4.661 |
7 |
96.8 |
0.26 |
97.2 |
4.529 |
14 |
101.9 |
0.26 |
102.6 |
4.627 |
1 month |
98.1 |
0.28 |
98.4 |
4.588 |
2 month |
97.8 |
0.78 |
98.6 |
4.591 |
3 month |
104.3 |
0.62 |
104.9 |
4.653 |
4 month |
101.2 |
0.17 |
101.4 |
4.618 |
6 month |
94.3 |
0.40 |
94.7 |
4.551 |
9 month |
92.1 |
0.36 |
92.5 |
4.523 |
|
|
|
y = -0.000202x + 4.6058 r2 == 0.1000 p == 0.3435 |
As analyzed by HPLC, applied dose = 2.677 µg cation/g of soil.
Table 3. 14C-labelled volatiles in tapping solution in µg 14C-labelled cation
Days after application |
||||||||||
1 |
3 |
7 |
14 |
31 |
62 |
91 |
123 |
183 |
275 |
|
Total µg test substance |
||||||||||
Et |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
H |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
K1+K2 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
0.025 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
0.028 |
<0.024 |
Total g soil in system |
170 |
160 |
150 |
140 |
130 |
120 |
110 |
90 |
80 |
70 |
µg test substance/g of soil |
||||||||||
Et |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
H |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
K1+K2 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
0.025 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
0.028 |
<0.024 |
Accumulative µg test substance/g of soil |
||||||||||
Et |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
H |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
K1+K2 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
0.025 |
<0.024 |
<0.024 |
0.028 |
<0.024 |
Note: Et — Ethylene Glycol trapping solution
H = H2SO4 trapping solution
K1= First KOH trapping solution
K2 = Second KOH trapping solution
Note: Limit of detection = 2 x background = 0.024 µg cation (0.001 µg/g soil)
Description of key information
No measurable degradation after 9 months, 25 °C, EPA 162 -1 guideline, Johnston 1988
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
The degradation of 14C radiolabelled test substance has been studied in Stockton sandy loam soil at a dose rate of 2.677 µg test substance (as cation)/g of soil. The study followed EPA Pesticide Assessment Guideline Section 162-1 and was incompliance with GLP criteria. Aerobic soils were incubated in darkness at 25.3 ± 0.4˚C for 9 months (274 days). Volatile and gaseous products from degradation were 'trapped' and radioactivity in soils was extracted and analszed. The degradation rate and the formation of degradation products of the test substance in soil was studied.
After 9 months, the range of 14C-mass balance for this study was 99.2 - 107.1%. Both the TLC and HPLC analysis indicated that 14C-residues were present solely as the parent compound (test substance) ie. no degradation occurred in soil over a period of 9 months. Furthermore, no volatile products including 14CO2 were detected. As a consequence, no degradation half-life could be determined.
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