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Diss Factsheets

Administrative data

Endpoint:
developmental toxicity
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
07 Aug 2012 - 20 Feb 2013
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
study report
Title:
Unnamed
Year:
2013
Report date:
2013

Materials and methods

Test guideline
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Limit test:
no

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
-
EC Number:
434-070-2
EC Name:
-
Cas Number:
268567-32-4
Molecular formula:
C12 H25 O4 P S2
IUPAC Name:
3-{[bis(2-methylpropoxy)(sulfanylidene)-λ⁵-phosphanyl]sulfanyl}-2-methylpropanoic acid

Test animals

Species:
rat
Strain:
other: Crl:WI (Han)
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Research Models and Services, Germany GmbH
- Age at study initiation: About 11-13 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: 171g
- Housing: single caging
- Diet: ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
- Acclimation period: six days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-24
- Humidity (%): 30 - 70
- Air changes (per hr): 15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

IN-LIFE DATES: From: 2012-08-13 To: 2012-08-29

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:
oral: gavage
Vehicle:
corn oil
Details on exposure:
PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: The specific amount of test substance was weighed, topped up with corn oil in a graduated flask and intensely mixed by shaking until it was dissolved.

VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): the test item is miscible with corn oil. It is not soluble in water.
- Concentration in vehicle: 1250 - 10000 mg/100 mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 4 mL/kg body weight
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
yes
Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
HPLC-method
Details on mating procedure:
- Impregnation procedure: purchased timed pregnant
Duration of treatment / exposure:
gestation days 6- 19
Frequency of treatment:
daily
Duration of test:
14 days
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
Dose / conc.:
50 mg/kg bw/day
Dose / conc.:
150 mg/kg bw/day
Dose / conc.:
400 mg/kg bw/day
No. of animals per sex per dose:
25
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Details on study design:
- Dose selection rationale: Based on range-finder study with pregnant rats and doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw (project no. 01 R0415/11 R043, non GLP).

Examinations

Maternal examinations:
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Mortality/Morbidity, pertinent behavioral changes and/or signs of overt toxicity. were checked twice daily from Mondays to Fridays and once daily on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays (GO 0 to 20).

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: GO 0, 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 20.


POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: No
- Sacrifice on gestation day: GD 20

Other: Blood samples were taken from animals by puncturing the retrobulbar venous plexus following isoflurane anesthesia.

Haematology parameters:
1. Leukocytes
2. Erythrocytes
3. Hemoglobin
4. Hematocrit
5. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
6. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
7. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
8. Platelets
9. Differential blood count
10. Reticulocytes

Clinical chemistry
1. Alanine aminotransferase
2. Aspartate aminotransferase
3. Alkaline phosphatase
4. Serum y-glutamyl transferase
5. lnorg. phosphate
6. Calcium
7. Urea
8. Creatinine
9. Glucose
10. Total bilirubin
11. Total protein
12. Albumin
13. Globulins
14. Triglycerides
15. Cholesterol

Organ weights were determined for adrenal glands, liver and kidneys. These organs were also embededd for potential histopathology investigation.
Ovaries and uterine content:
The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
- Other: Site of implantations in the uterus
Fetal examinations:
- External examinations: Yes: [all per litter ]
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes: [ half per litter ]
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: [ half per litter ]
Statistics:
DUNNETT's test: Food consumption, body weight, body weight change, DUNNETT's test
corrected body weight gain, carcass weight, weight of
the unopened uterus, weight of the placentas and
fetuses, corpora lutea, implantations, pre- and
postimplantation losses, resorptions and live fetuses

FISHER's exact test
Number of pregnant animals at the end of the study, FISHER's exact test mortality rate (of the dams) and number of litters with fetal findings

WILCOXON test
Proportion of fetuses with findings per litter

KRUSKAL-WALLIS and WILCOXON test
Clinical pathology parameters
Absolute and re lative organ weights
Indices:
sex ratio
Historical control data:
Included in the final report.

Results and discussion

Results: maternal animals

General toxicity (maternal animals)

Clinical signs:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
All 25 females of the high-dose group (400 mg/kg bw/d) and 7 females of the mid-dose group (150 mg/kg bw/d) showed transient salivation during major parts of the treatment period. Salivation persisted in the respective animals only for some minutes after daily gavage dosing (i.e. up to 10 minutes) and was initially observed on GD 7. No clinical signs or changes of general behavior, which may be attributed to the test substance, were detected in any female at dose levels of 50 mg/kg bw/d during the entire study period.
Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
not examined
Mortality:
no mortality observed
Body weight and weight changes:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
The mean body weights and the average body weight gain of the low-, mid- and high-dose groups (50, 150 or 400 mg/kg bw/d) were generally comparable to the concurrent control group throughout the entire study period. However, there were some statistically significantly increased mean body weight gain values: in test groups 1 and 2 during GD 8-10 and in test group 3 during GD 17-19 and, calculated for the treatment period, GD 6-19. They were considered spontaneous events.
The corrected body weight gain (terminal body weight on GD 20 minus weight of the unopened uterus minus body weight on GD 6) of test groups 1-3 (50, 150 or 400 mg/kg bw/d) revealed no difference of any biological relevance to the corresponding control group.
The statistically significantly increased corrected body weight gain in test group 3 was considered as a spontaneous change. These values reflect the normal range of biological variation inherent in the strain of rats used for this study and were not considered to be substance-induced.
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
The mean food consumption of the dams in test groups 1-3 (50, 150 or 400 mg/kg bw/d) was generally comparable to the concurrent control group throughout the whole study period. This includes the statistically significantly increased food consumption values in test group 3 (400 mg/kg bw/d) on GD 15-17 and in test group 2 (150 mg/kg bw/d) on GD 19-20.
Food efficiency:
not examined
Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
not examined
Ophthalmological findings:
not examined
Haematological findings:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
No treatment-related changes among hematological parameters were observed.
In dams of test group 3 (400 mg/kg bw/d), red blood cell (RBC) counts, hemoglobin, hematokrit and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values were lower compared to controls. However, all mentioned parameters were within historical control ranges.
In dams of test group 2 (150 mg/kg bw/d), white blood cell (WBC) counts as well as absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were increased, but the alterations were not dose-dependent. In females of test group 3 (400 mg/kg bw/d), absolute lymphocyte counts were still higher compared to controls, but the mean was within the historical control range.
Therefore, all mentioned hematology parameter changes were regarded as incidental and not treatment-related.
Clinical biochemistry findings:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
In dams of test groups 2 and 3 (150 and 400 mg/kg bw/d), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, urea and inorganic phosphate levels were increased, whereas total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol and calcium levels were decreased. Apart from total protein, globulin and cholesterol values in dams of test group 3 (400 mg/kg bw/d), all other mentioned levels were within historical control ranges.
Additionally, in dams of test group 3 (400 mg/kg bw/d) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and glucose levels were increased whereas creatinine levels were decreased. However, also these values were within historical control ranges. Therefore, apart from decreased total protein, globulin and cholesterol levels in individuals of test group 3 (400 mg/kg bw/d) all other mentioned alterations were regarded as incidental and not treatment-related.
Finally, in dams of test groups 2 and 3 (150 and 400 mg/kg bw/d) total bilirubin levels were lower compared to controls. A decrease of total bilirubin can be due to a hypoproliferative anemia which was not present in these animals. Most probably, lower bilirubin levels were based on a greater conjugation rate because of liver enzyme induction followed by an increased excretion of bilirubin via bile. This effect was regarded as adaptive and not adverse.
Urinalysis findings:
not examined
Behaviour (functional findings):
not examined
Immunological findings:
not examined
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
The mean gravid uterus weights of the animals of test groups 1-3 (50, 150 and 400 mg/kg bw/d) were not influenced by the test substance. The differences between these groups and the control group revealed no dose-dependency and were assessed to be without biological relevance.
A dose related increase of the absolute and relative organ weights of the adrenals and liver was recorded for test groups 2 and 3 (150 and 400 mg/kg bw/d). The apparently increased absolute kidney weights were not related to dose and no significant change was seen for the relative weights. Therefore they were not considered treatmentrelated.
Gross pathological findings:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
During necropsy no test substance-related gross lesions were noted.
Neuropathological findings:
not examined
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
no effects observed
Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
not examined
Other effects:
no effects observed

Maternal developmental toxicity

Number of abortions:
no effects observed
Pre- and post-implantation loss:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
There were no test substance-related and/or biologically relevant differences between test groups 0, 1, 2 and 3 (0, 50, 150 and 400 mg/kg bw/d) in conception rate, in the mean number of corpora lutea and implantation sites or in the values calculated for the pre- and the postimplantation losses, the number of resorptions and viable fetuses. All observed differences are considered to reflect the normal range of fluctuations for animals of this strain and age.
Total litter losses by resorption:
no effects observed
Early or late resorptions:
no effects observed
Dead fetuses:
no effects observed
Changes in pregnancy duration:
not examined
Description (incidence and severity):
Migrated Data from removed field(s)
Field "Effects on pregnancy duration" (Path: ENDPOINT_STUDY_RECORD.DevelopmentalToxicityTeratogenicity.ResultsAndDiscussion.ResultsMaternalAnimals.MaternalDevelopmentalToxicity.EffectsOnPregnancyDuration): not examined
Changes in number of pregnant:
not examined
Other effects:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
The mean placental weights of the low-, mid- and high-dose groups (50, 150 and 400 mg/kg bw/d) were comparable to the corresponding control group.

Effect levels (maternal animals)

Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOEL
Effect level:
150 mg/kg bw/day
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
clinical biochemistry
organ weights and organ / body weight ratios

Maternal abnormalities

Key result
Abnormalities:
no effects observed

Results (fetuses)

Description (incidence and severity):
Migrated Data from removed field(s)
Field "Fetal/pup body weight changes" (Path: ENDPOINT_STUDY_RECORD.DevelopmentalToxicityTeratogenicity.ResultsAndDiscussion.ResultsFetuses.FetalPupBodyWeightChanges): no effects observed
Field "Description (incidence and severity)" (Path: ENDPOINT_STUDY_RECORD.DevelopmentalToxicityTeratogenicity.ResultsAndDiscussion.ResultsFetuses.DescriptionIncidenceAndSeverityFetalPupBodyWeightChanges): The mean fetal weights of test groups 1, 2 and 3 (50, 150 and 400 mg/kg bw/d) were not influenced by the test substance and did not show any biologically relevant differences in comparison to the control group.
Changes in sex ratio:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
The sex distribution of the fetuses in test groups 1-3 (50, 150 and 400 mg/kg bw/d) was comparable to the control fetuses. Any observable differences were without biological relevance.
Description (incidence and severity):
External malformations were recorded for one mid-dose fetus (150 mg/kg bw/d) and one high-dose fetus (400 mg/kg bw/d). Both fetuses had more than one malformation affecting either the head or the abdomen. The total incidence of external malformations in treated animals did not differ significantly from the control group and was comparable to the historical control data.
No external variations were recorded.
One unclassified external observation, i.e. placentas fused, was recorded in one fetus of the control and the low-dose group (50 mg/kg bw/d), respectively. This finding was not considered biologically relevant. It can be found in the historical control data at higher incidences.
Skeletal malformations:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
Skeletal malformations were recorded for two low-dose fetuses in two litters (50 mg/kg bw/d). Another malformation in a mid-dose fetus (150 mg/kg bw/d) was part of a multiple malformation in this offspring. The total incidence of skeletal malformations in treated animals did not differ significantly from the control group.
For all test groups, skeletal variations of different bone structures were observed, with or without effects on corresponding cartilages. The observed skeletal variations were related to several parts of fetal skeletons and appeared in the majority of cases without a relation to dosing. The overall incidences of skeletal variations were comparable to the historical control data.
Additionally, some isolated cartilage findings without impact on the respective bony structures, which were designated as unclassified cartilage observations, occurred in all test groups. The observed unclassified cartilage findings were related to the skull, the ribs and the sternum and did not show any relation to dosing. However, the incidence of bipartite processus xiphoideus was statistically significantly increased in test group 2 (150 mg/kg bw/d) and, as a consequence of this occasional increase, also the incidence of total fetal skeletal unclassified cartilage observations in this test group. However, this finding showed no dose-dependency and was therefore assessed to be without biological relevance.
Visceral malformations:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
One soft tissue malformation, which was part of a multiple malformation, was observed in one fetus of the high-dose group (400 mg/kg bw/d). The overall incidences of soft tissue malformations were comparable to those found in the historical control data.
Three soft tissue variations, i.e. short innominate, dilated renal pelvis and dilated ureter, were detected in all test groups including the control (test groups 0-3; 0, 50, 150 and 400 mg/kg bw/d). The incidences of these variations were neither statistically significantly different from control nor dose-dependent and therefore, not considered biologically relevant. They can be found in the historical control data at higher incidences.
Two unclassified soft tissue observation, i.e. discolored vitreous humor and discolored spleen, were recorded in one fetus each of test group 2 (150 mg/kg bw/d) and test group 3 (400 mg/kg bw/d). These findings were not considered biologically relevant.
Other effects:
no effects observed
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Other embroytoxic/fetal parameters (implantation losses, sex ratio, weights, etc) were normal. Details are presented in table 6.

Effect levels (fetuses)

Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOEL
Effect level:
>= 400 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: no adverse effect observed

Fetal abnormalities

Key result
Abnormalities:
no effects observed

Overall developmental toxicity

Key result
Developmental effects observed:
no

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 1: Absolute organ weights of dams
  control 50 mg/kg bw 150 mg/kg bw 400 mg/kg bw
adrenal gland 67.84 68.25 76.12** 80.8**
SD 9.48 9.88 10.39 12.16
kidney 1.56 1.67 1.67 1.7
SD 0.12 0.18 0.17 0.14
liver 11.22 11.57 11.99** 14.55**
SD 1.85 1.3 0.934 1.18

*: p <= 0.05, **: p <= 0.01

Table 2: Terminal body weight (dams)
  control 50 mg/kg bw 150 mg/kg bw 400 mg/kg bw
body weight 241 246 247 250
SD 13 19 16 14

Table 3: Relative organ weights of dams
  control 50 mg/kg bw 150 mg/kg bw 400 mg/kg bw
adrenal gland 0.028 0.028 0.031* 0.032*
SD 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004
kidney 0.648 0.68 0.679 0.679
SD 0.043 0.048 0.052 0.043
liver 4.65 4.7 4.86** 5.82*
SD 0.36 0.25 0.28 0.44

*: p <= 0.05, **: p <= 0.01

Table 4: Summary of all classified fetal skeletal observations

  control 50 mg/kg bw 150 mg/kg bw 400 mg/kg bw
litters evaluated 25 24 25 25
fetuses evaluated 124 123 126 121
fetuses live 124 123 126 121
fetuses dead 0 0 0 0
         
Total malformations        
fetal incidence; N 0 2 1 0
litter incidence, N 0 2 1 0
affected fetuses/litter Mean % 0 1.4 0.8 0
Total variations        
fetal incidence; N 122 121 125 121
litter incidence, N 25 24 25 25
affected fetuses/litter Mean % 98.4 98.6 99.2 100

Table 5: Summary of all classified fetal soft tissue observations

  control 50 mg/kg bw 150 mg/kg bw 400 mg/kg bw
litters evaluated 25 24 25 24
fetuses evaluated 112 111 109 108
fetuses live 112 111 109 108
fetuses dead 0 0 0 0
         
Total malformations        
fetal incidence; N 0 0 0 1
litter incidence, N 0 0 0 1
affected fetuses/litter Mean % 0 0 0 0.8
Total variations        
fetal incidence; N 4 4 3 7
litter incidence, N 4 3 3 5
affected fetuses/litter Mean % 3.6 3.3 2.5 5.8

Table 6: Summary of all classified fetal external observations

  control 50 mg/kg bw 150 mg/kg bw 400 mg/kg bw
litters evaluated 25 24 25 24
fetuses evaluated 236 234 235 229
fetuses live 236 234 235 229
fetuses dead 0 0 0 0
         
Total malformations        
fetal incidence; N 0 0 1 1
litter incidence, N 0 0 1 1
affected fetuses/litter Mean % 0 0 0.4 0.4

Table 7: Overview of reproductive data

  control 50 mg/kg bw 150 mg/kg bw 400 mg/kg bw
postimplantation loss % 6% 5.20% 6.20% 7.30%
preimplantation loss % 8.8 6.4 5.1 7.1
Total resorptions 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6
live fetuses/per dam 9.4 9.8 9.4 9.2
placental weights, mean, g 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.56
fetal weights, mean, g  3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6
corpus lutea, mean 11 11 10.5 10.5
Dam uterine weight, mean 52.6g 54.9g 52.4g 51.9g
Corrected body weight gain 38.9g 42.1g 42.9g 47g*
Pregnant at terminal sacrifice 25 24 25 25
conception rate, % 100 96.4 100 100
% live female fetuses 52.5 48.7 50.6 53.7
% live male fetuses 47.5 51.3 49.4 46.3

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:
Under the conditions of this prenatal developmental toxicity study, the oral administration of the test item to pregnant Wistar rats from implantation to one day prior to the expected day of parturition (GD 6-19) at a dose of 400 mg/kg bw/d caused evidence of maternal toxicity, such as dysregulated liver cell metabolism and dose-relatedly increased liver and adrenal weights. In conclusion, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for maternal toxicity is 150 mg/kg bw/d. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for prenatal developmental toxicity is 400 mg/kg bw/d. There were no toxicologically relevant adverse fetal findings evident.