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EC number: 232-108-0 | CAS number: 7787-32-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Ecotoxicological Summary
Administrative data
Hazard for aquatic organisms
Freshwater
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC aqua (freshwater)
- PNEC value:
- 147 µg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 10
- Extrapolation method:
- assessment factor
Marine water
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no data: aquatic toxicity unlikely
STP
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC STP
- PNEC value:
- 79.4 mg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 10
- Extrapolation method:
- assessment factor
Sediment (freshwater)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC sediment (freshwater)
- PNEC value:
- 766 mg/kg sediment dw
- Extrapolation method:
- equilibrium partitioning method
Sediment (marine water)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Hazard for air
Air
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Hazard for terrestrial organisms
Soil
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC soil
- PNEC value:
- 265 mg/kg soil dw
- Assessment factor:
- 2
Hazard for predators
Secondary poisoning
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no potential for bioaccumulation
Additional information
Barium fluoride will not exist in the environment as such, as it will rapidly dissociate to form barium and fluoride ions. Based on a comparison of the aquatic toxicity data summarized in this dossier, it is clear that the environmental risk assessment will be driven by the effects of barium rather than fluoride on. It is therefore considered appropriate to derive the PNEC values based on barium.
PNEC marine water:
A relevant PNEC for the marine environment cannot be determined, for the following reasons:
(i) Barium levels in sea water range from 2 to 63 μg/L with a mean concentration of about 13 μg/L (Bowen 1979).
(ii) Applying ECHA-guidance, the derived marine PNEC of 11.5 μg/L for barium (PNEC freshwater = 1.15 mg Ba/L and an AF of 100) would thus be within the range of typical barium seawater levels.
(iii) Seawater contains about 2700 mg/L sulfate (Hitchcock, 1975 cited in WHO, 2004).
(iv) Barium transported into marine systems combines with sulfate ions present in salt water to form barium sulfate.
(v) Barium in marine environments is in a steady state; the amount entering is balanced by the amount falling to the bottom as barium sulfate (barite) particles to form a permanent part of the marine sediment (Wolgemuth & Brocker, 1970). Thus, dissolved barium concentrations are controlled by the solubility of barium sulfate. The solubility product (Ksp) of barium sulfate is 1.08E-10(CRC Handbook, 2008), resulting in maximum dissolved Ba levels of approximately 1.4 mg/L.
(vi) In sum, due to high sulfate levels in the marine environment and a low solubility of barium sulfate, dissolved barium levels will remain constant in marine waters, regardless of the amount of barium introduced to the system.
References:
- Bowen HMJ (1979) Environmental Chemistry of the Elements. Academic Press, London, 333 pp.
- Lide, D.R. (2008) CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics. 88thedition.
- Hitchcock DR (1975) Biogenic contributions to atmospheric sulphate levels. In: Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference on Complete Water Re-use. Chicago, IL, American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
- WHO (1990) Barium. Environmental Health Criteria 107. International Programme on Chemical Safety.
- WHO (2004) Sulfate in Drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/114.
- Wolgemuth K & Broecker WS (1970) Barium in sea water. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 8: 372-378.
PNEC sediment:
The PNECsedimentcan be derived from the PNECaquaticusing the equilibrium partitioning method (EPM).
A distribution/partition coefficient (KD) between water and suspended matter for barium has been determined (see chapter 4). This resulted in a typical KD,suspof 5,217 L/kg (logKD: 3.72). In a first step the units have to be converted from L/kg to m3/m3using the formula below.
KD,susp(m3/m3) = 0.9 + [0.1 x (KD,susp(L/kg) x 2,500) / 1,000 ]
This results in a KD,suspof 1,305 m3/m3. This value can be entered in the equation below to calculate the PNECsediment:
PNECsediment= (KD,susp/ RHOsusp) x PNECaquaticx 1,000
with the PNECaquaticexpressed as mg/L, RHOsusprepresenting the bulk density of wet sediment (1,150 kg/m3) anda KD,suspof 1,305 m3/m3, a PNECsediment that is expressed as mg/kg wet weight can be derived. This value can be converted to a dry weight-based PNEC, using a conversion factor of 4.6 kg wet weight/ kg dry weight.
This results in a PNECsedimentof 600.4 mg Ba/kg dry sediment
Conclusion on classification
Acute toxic effects of barium and fluoride released from BaF2 are relevant for the aquatic hazard assessment of Barium fluoride. Reliable acute and chronic toxicity data of barium and fluoride are available for three trophic levels: algae, invertebrates and fish, respectively. Based on these available results it may conservatively be assumed that the toxicological moiety of concern for the short- and long-term aquatic toxicity of BaF2 is barium.
Short-term toxicity EC/LC50 values of barium available for 3 trophic levels are situated between > 1.15 mg Ba/L and 14.5 mg Ba/L, corresponding to > 1.47 mg/L and 18.5 mg/L barium fluoride. In accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, Table 4.1.0 (a), classification for acute aquatic hazard is not required for barium fluoride as all EC50/LC50 values are above the classification criteria of 1 mg/L.
Long-term toxicity data are available for three trophic levels and range from ≥ 1.15 mg Ba/L to 2.9 mg Ba/L, corresponding to ≥ 1.47 mg/L and 3.7 mg/L barium fluoride. In accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, Table 4.1.0 (b) (i), classification for chronic aquatic hazard is not required for barium fluoride as all chronic EC10/NOEC values are above the classification criteria of 1 mg/L.
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