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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 945-520-7 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 16.33 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 150
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- other: NAEC human worker
- Value:
- 2 450 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NAEC human worker
[(NOEL 1000/4) x 70]/10;
NOEL= 1000 mg/kg bw day;
4= allometric scaling factor for rat;
70 kg/bw: mean human body weight;
10 mg/m^3 air default worker breathing volume
In order to consider the difference between worker exposure (5 days) and experimental exposure
conditions (7 days) = 1.4; the NAEC is multiplied by 1.4
1750*1.4 (NAEC*1.4) = 2450 mg/kg b.w day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Sufficient data about curve of dose/response. No additional severity factor.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- From sub chronic to chronic (28 days)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- No allometric scaling needed because the starting point (NAEC human worker) has just been corrected for the human evaluation.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Additional factor for other interspecies differences ( i.e. toxicokinetic differences not related to metabolic rate (small part) and toxicodynamic differences (larger part). Remaining differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- For workers, as standard procedure for threshold effects a default assessment factor of 5 is to be used, based on the fact that this sub population does not cover the very young, the very old, and the very ill.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Test in compliant with OECD and EU guidelines.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 2
- Justification:
- 100% absorption for the inhalative route for animals and 50 % is adsorbed by oral route humans is assumed.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 4.67 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 300
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Value:
- 1 400 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Repeated oral study is the best way to assess the dermal route in absence of a repeated dermal study.
In order to consider the difference between worker exposure (5 days) and experimental exposure
conditions (7 days) = 1.4; the NOAEL is multiplied by 1.4
1000*1.4 (NOAEL*1.4) = 1400 mg/kg b.w day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Sufficient data about curve of dose/response. No additional severity factor.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- From sub chronic to chronic (28 days)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- rat to human
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Additional factor for other interspecies differences (i.e. toxicokinetic differences not related to metabolic rate (small part) and toxicodynamic differences (larger part). Remaining differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- For workers, as standard procedure for threshold effects a default assessment factor of 5 is to be used, based on the fact that this sub population does not cover the very young, the very old, and the very ill.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- GLP compliant with OECD and EU guidelines.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- Assuming 100% of absorption
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The substance is not a skin irritant, therefore no local effect is be expected.
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.91 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 300
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Value:
- 875 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NAEC (oral rat-Human gen. population)= [1000 mg/kg bw( NOAEL)/4 ((assessment factor interspecies) X 70 kg (human body weight): 20 m^3 (24h human breathing volume)]
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Sufficient data about curve of dose/response. No additional severity factor.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- From sub chronic to chronic (28 days)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- No allometric scaling needed because the starting point (NAEC human worker) has just been corrected for the human evaluation.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Additional factor for other interspecies differences (i.e. toxicokinetic differences not related to metabolic rate (small part) and toxicodynamic differences (larger part). Remaining differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- For threshold effects, this factor of 10 is the standard procedure, as a default, when assessing exposure to the general population. It is recognised that there re differences between children and adults in toxicokinetics (especially babies in their first months) and toxicodynamics (especially at different stages of development). These differences may render children more or less susceptible to the toxic effects of a substance.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- GLP compliant with OECD and EU guidelines.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 2
- Justification:
- 100% absorption for the inhalative route for animals and 50 % is adsorbed by oral route humans is assumed.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
No inhalatory repeated dose study has been performed; nevertheless the substance is not a respiratory irritant.
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.67 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 600
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Repeated oral study is the best way to assess the dermal route in absence of a repeated dermal study.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Sufficient data about curve of dose/response. No additional severity factor.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- From sub chronic to chronic (28 days)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- rat to human
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Additional factor for other interspecies differences ( i.e. toxicokinetic differences not related to metabolic rate (small part) and toxicodynamic differences (larger part). Remaining differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- For threshold effects, this factor of 10 is the standard procedure, as a default, when assessing exposure to the general population. It is recognised that there re differences between children and adults in toxicokinetics (especially babies in their first months) and toxicodynamics (especially at different stages of development). These differences may render children more or less susceptible to the toxic effects of a substance.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- GLP compliant with OECD and EU guidelines.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- 100% absorption for the inhalative route for animals and humans is assumed.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The substance is not a skin irritant, therefore no local effect is expected.
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.67 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 600
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Sufficient data about curve of dose/response. No additional severity factor.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- From sub chronic to chronic (28 days)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- No allometric scaling needed because the starting point (NAEC human worker) has just been corrected for the human evaluation.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Additional factor for other interspecies differences (i.e. toxicokinetic differences not related to metabolic rate (small part) and toxicodynamic differences (larger part). Remaining differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- For threshold effects, this factor of 10 is the standard procedure, as a default, when assessing exposure to the general population. It is recognised that there re differences between children and adults in toxicokinetics (especially babies in their first months) and toxicodynamics (especially at different stages of development). These differences may render children more or less susceptible to the toxic effects of a substance.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- GLP compliant with OECD and EU guidelines.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- 100% absorption for the inhalative route for animals and humans is assumed.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The substance is not a skin irritant, therefore no local effect is expected.
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- low hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - General Population
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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