Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 500-234-8 | CAS number: 68891-38-3 1 - 2.5 moles ethoxylated
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Oral LD50 (OECD 401), rat = 2870 mg/kg bw
Dermal LD50 (OECD 402), rat > 2000 mg/kg bw (limit test)
Acute toxicity by inhalation was not tested according to REGULATION (EC) No 1907/2006, Annex VIII, Section 8.5, Column 2
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Acute toxicity: via oral route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Guideline study with acceptable restrictions. Only limited information on the test material are available.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- According to Guideline.
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Doses:
- 2000, 3200, 4000, 5000 mg/kg bw
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5
- Control animals:
- no
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 4 100 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 2 870 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Mortality:
- There were deaths among animals dosed at 4000 and 5000 mg/kg bw.
- Clinical signs:
- other: Signs of reaction to treatment observed in all rats that survived for more than one hour after dosing were piloerection, abnormal body carriage (hunched posture), abnormal gait (waddling), lethargy and diarrhoea. These were accompanied by: - decreased re
- Gross pathology:
- No effects.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: CLP/EU GHS criteria not met, no classification required according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008.
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- other information
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- According to Guideline.
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Doses:
- 2000 mg/kg bw
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5
- Control animals:
- no
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Mortality:
- No deaths.
- Clinical signs:
- other: The animals showed mild clinical signs (increased activity and piloerection) as a reaction for treatment for about 4 hours after dosing.
- Gross pathology:
- No effects.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: CLP/EU GHS criteria not met, no classification required according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008.
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Rangefinder for OECD 401.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Rangefinder for OECD 401.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Study was conducted prior to implementation of GLP.
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Doses:
- 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0 mL/kg bw
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 1
- Control animals:
- no
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 10 000 mL/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 2 700 mL/kg bw
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: CLP/EU GHS criteria not met, no classification required according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008.
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Guideline study without GLP.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- Limit test:
- yes
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 2 500 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 1 750 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Interpretation of results:
- study cannot be used for classification
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Study was conducted prior to implementation of GLP.
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Doses:
- 2000 mg/kg bw
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5
- Control animals:
- no
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 540 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Interpretation of results:
- study cannot be used for classification
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Only basic data given.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Study was conducted prior to implementation of GLP.
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Doses:
- 2000 mg/kg bw
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- no data
- Control animals:
- not specified
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 1 380 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Interpretation of results:
- study cannot be used for classification
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)
- Limit test:
- yes
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 540 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Interpretation of results:
- study cannot be used for classification
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
Referenceopen allclose all
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- 2 870 mg/kg bw
- Quality of whole database:
- The whole data base is conclusive and of high quality.
Acute toxicity: via inhalation route
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
- Quality of whole database:
- Acute toxicity by inhalation was not tested according to REGULATION (EC) No 1907/2006, Annex VIII, Section 8.5, Column 2.
Acute toxicity: via dermal route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: dermal
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 29 Dez 1977 - 13 Feb 1978
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 402 (Acute Dermal Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- - 3 males and 3 females were dosed for each test substance instead of 5 males and 5 females
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- New Zealand White
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Isaacs lab stock
- Weight at study initiation: P0304 - male - 2.30 - 2.55 kg, female - 2.83 - 3 kg; P0305 - male - 2.16 - 2.79 kg, female - 2.37 - 2.62 kg
-- Housing: Individually in stainless cages with stainless steel slatted flooring
- Diet: Purina lab rabbit chow, ad libitum
- Water: Tap water, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 7 days minimum
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19.5 to 20.5°C
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hours on/off flurescent lighting
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 1977-12-29 To: 1978-02-13 - Type of coverage:
- occlusive
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on dermal exposure:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: Backs of animals (Intact and Abraded skin sites)
- % coverage: Test site covered with 8 ply gauze
- Type of wrap if used: Saran wrap and elastoplast tape
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): Test areas were wiped with a wet paper towel
- Time after start of exposure: 24 hours
TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 2000 mg/kg (2 mL/kg)
- Concentration (if solution): Undiluted
- Constant volume or concentration used: yes - Duration of exposure:
- 24 h
- Doses:
- 2000 mg/kg bw for each test substance
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 3 male and 3 female animals for each test substance (3 animals - intact, 3 animals - abraded)
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: Observation - daily for 14 days post administration; Weighing - Initial and final
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes
- Other examinations performed: clinical signs, body weight - Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Remarks on result:
- other: For both P0304 and P0305 (60% each)
- Mortality:
- No mortality was observed.
- Clinical signs:
- other: P0304 (NH4C12 -13AE3S/ Shell shop) – Erythema was observed on all animals on day 1 and persisted on 3 of 6 for the full 14 days. Edema was observed only on day 3 and only on 2 of 6 animals. Atonia was observed on all animals beginning on day 3. Eschar dev
- Gross pathology:
- Necropsy results for both groups (P0304 and P0305) were not remarkable.
- Other findings:
- - Organ weights: None
- Histopathology: None
- Potential target organs: None
- Other observations: None - Interpretation of results:
- other: CLP/EU GHS criteria not met, no classification required according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008.
- Conclusions:
- The dermal LD50 for both P0304 (60% active NH4C12 -13AE3S) and P0305 (60% active NH4C12 -13AE3S) is > 2000 mg/kg. Thus, for both test substances no classification is warranted.
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: dermal
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 402 (Acute Dermal Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- According to Guideline.
- Type of coverage:
- semiocclusive
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Duration of exposure:
- 24 h
- Doses:
- 2000 mg/kg bw
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5
- Control animals:
- not required
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Mortality:
- No effects.
- Clinical signs:
- other: No systemic effects.
- Gross pathology:
- No effects.
- Other findings:
- Moderate to severe dermal irritations at the treatment site were observed following removal of the dressings. 24 h after dermal application of the test substance four male and three female animals showed inflammation of the treated skin. One male and two females showed no skin lesions.
48 h after application an induration of the skin lesions occured and 72 h after application a scab formation was noticed. The scab was fallen off 6 days later in male animals and 12 days later in female animals. On day 14 only one female animal showed residual scabs and a slightly scarred skin. - Interpretation of results:
- other: CLP/EU GHS criteria not met, no classification required according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008.
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: dermal
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 402 (Acute Dermal Toxicity)
- Version / remarks:
- (1987)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit
- Test type:
- fixed dose procedure
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: WISTAR rats Crl: WI(Han)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River, 97633 Sulzfeld, Germany
- Age at study initiation: males: 7-8 weeks, females: 11-12 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: males: 221 – 235 g, females: 212 – 229 g.
- Diet (ad libitum): Altromin 1324 maintenance diet for rats and mice (lot no. 0939)
- Water (ad libitum): tap water, sulphur acidified to a pH value of approximately 2.8
- Acclimation period: at least five days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22 ± 3
- Humidity (%): 55 ± 10
- Air changes (per hr): 10
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12 - Type of coverage:
- semiocclusive
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on dermal exposure:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: approx. 10%
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing: The residual test item was removed using aqua ad injectionem
- Time after start of exposure: 24 h - Duration of exposure:
- 24 h
- Doses:
- 2000 mg/kg bw
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: A careful clinical examination was made several times on the day of dosing. Thereafter, the animals were observed for clinical signs once daily. The animals were weighed on day 1 (prior to the application) and on days 8 and 15.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes - Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- >= 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: No mortality occured.
- Mortality:
- No mortality occured.
- Clinical signs:
- other: No clinical signs of toxicity occurred. Signs of dermal irritation were observed. Erythema grade 1 was observed on 10/10 animals on day 4 which was fully reversed on day 5 on all animals. Eschar formation was observed from day 4 to day 8 and desquamation
- Gross pathology:
- Upon gross pathology hernia (liver) into the diaphragm was observed in one female. This incidental finding is not considered to be treatment related.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: CLP/EU GHS criteria not met, no classification required according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008.
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: dermal
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 402 (Acute Dermal Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Occlusive dressing.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- According to Guideline.
- Type of coverage:
- occlusive
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Duration of exposure:
- 24 h
- Doses:
- 2000 mg/kg bw
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5
- Control animals:
- not required
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Mortality:
- No effects.
- Clinical signs:
- other: No systemic effects.
- Gross pathology:
- No effects.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: CLP/EU GHS criteria not met, no classification required according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 1: Absolute Body Weights in g and Body Weight Gain in %
Animal No. / Sex |
Day 1 |
Day 8 |
Day 15 |
Day 1-15 |
21 / male |
226 g |
241 g |
282 g |
25 % |
22 / male |
231 g |
250 g |
292 g |
26 % |
23 / male |
230 g |
238 g |
274 g |
19 % |
24 / male |
221 g |
236 g |
270 g |
22 % |
25 / male |
235 g |
245 g |
282 g |
20 % |
Mean ± SD |
229 ± 5.3 g |
242 ± 5.6 g |
280 ± 8.5 g |
22 ± 3.0 % |
26 / female |
213 g |
215 g |
220 g |
3 % |
27 / female |
216 g |
213 g |
217 g |
0 % |
28 / female |
212 g |
205 g |
216 g |
2 % |
29 / female |
229 g |
227 g |
250 g |
9 % |
30 / female |
217 g |
223 g |
234 g |
8 % |
Mean ± SD |
217 ± 6.8 g |
217 ± 8.6 g |
227 ± 14.6 g |
4 ± 3.9 % |
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Value:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Quality of whole database:
- The whole data base is conclusive and of high quality.
Additional information
The acute toxicity of AES (C12-14, 1-2.5 EO) Na (CAS 68891-38-3) has been extensively evaluated in numerous oral and dermal toxicity studies. Additionally read across from structurally related AES, i.e. AES (C12-14, 1-2.5 EO) TIPA (CAS 174450-50-1), AES (C10-16) Na (CAS 68585-34-2) and AES (C8-10, 1-2.5 EO) Na was performed. The AES reported within the AES category show similar structural, physico-chemical, environmental and toxicological properties. The approach of grouping different AES for the evaluation of their effects on human health and the environment was also made by the Danish EPA (2001) and HERA (2003), supporting the read across approach between structurally related AES. For details please refer to the category justification attached in IUCLID section 13.
The oral LD50 values based on the test material were all at least above 2 g/kg and the same result was achieved for the dermal route when tested.
Acute toxicity by inhalation was not tested as according to REGULATION (EC) No 1907/2006, Annex VIII, Section 8.5, Column 2.
In summary, no classification is warranted for either route of acute toxicity.
The following information is taken into account for any hazard / risk assessment:
Many high quality studies investigating the acute toxicity of alcohol ethoxysulfates (AESs) have shown that in terms of acute toxicity the use of these compounds are of low concern. They are of low oral and dermal toxicity.
References:
Danish EPA - Environmental and Health Assessment of Substances in Household Detergents and Cosmetic Detergent Products (2001). Environmental Project No. 615, pp. 24-28
HERA (2003). Human & Environmental Risk Assessment on ingredients of European household cleaning products Alcohol Ethoxysulphates, Human Health Risk Assessment Draft, 2003. http: //www. heraproject. com.
Justification for classification or non-classification
The available data on acute toxicity do not meet the criteria for classification according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008, and are therefore conclusive but not sufficient for classification.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.

EU Privacy Disclaimer
This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our websites.