4-nitrotoluene

Short-term toxicity to fish

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

other: only abstract available

Test organisms (species):

Cyprinus carpio

Executive summary:

Shen, 2012 (only abstract available)

This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological response of p-nitrotoluene and p-nitroaniline to the key fish species, Cyprinus carpio. A freshwater fish bioassay based on the 96 h LC 50 was used to estimate the single and joint toxicity of the two chemicals. The toxicity of p-nitrotoluene was greater than that of p-nitroaniline based on 96 h LC 50 values of 40.74 mg·L−1 and 48.99 mg·L−1, respectively. Both compounds had moderate toxicity toward Cyprinus carpio, and this toxicity increased with the exposure duration and concentration. Binary mixtures of the compounds were more toxic than the individual compounds at 96 h, and they acted upon partial addition. When the exposure time was longer, the toxicity increased for mixtures of compounds with the same concentration or toxicity. The results of this study suggest that exposure to a combination of these chemicals would result in a higher environmental risk in aquatic systems than exposure to either compound alone. Further research is needed to investigate the combined effects and sublethal toxicity of p-nitrotoluene and p-nitroaniline, since they are both still used in China.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

other: only abstract available

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Executive summary:

MITI, 1998 (only abstract available)

Effect concentrations

Species: Oryzias latipes
Exposure duration : 96 h
Endpoint : LC50
Effect concentration : 36.5 mg/L
Basis for concentration : nominal
Remarks (e.g. 95% CL) : 95% CL: 26.7- 60.0 mg/L

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

secondary literature

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: method not specified

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Name of test material (as cited in publication): 4-nitrotoluene
- Analytical purity: no data

Test organisms (species):

Poecilia reticulata

Test type:

other: not specified

Water media type:

not specified

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

29.32 mg/L

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Details on results:

The toxicity is reported as -log(LC50)=3.67

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

Gunatilleka et al. (1999) give the results as -log LC50 = 3.67 and report that this value is taken from Urrestarazu Ramos et al. (1998).

Executive summary:

Urrestarazu Ramos, 1998, Gunatilleka, 1999

Gunatilleka et al. (1999) give the results as -log LC50 = 3.67 and report that this value is taken from Urrestarazu Ramos et al. (1998).

Reference 4

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

unsuitable test system

Remarks:

Test with liver of rainbow trout - unsuitable test system for the hazard assessment of chemicals.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Method: other: see below

GLP compliance:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Oncorhynchus mykiss (previous name: Salmo gairdneri)

Executive summary:

Jobling, 1995

Using a cytosolic extract from the liver of rainbow trout, the binding of the test substance to the fish estrogen receptor was quantified. 

Reference 5

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

secondary literature

Remarks:

presumably error in first citation

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: Method by US-EPA 1975 (EPA-660/3-75-009)

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Test substance purity: >95% purity

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Test organisms (species):

Pimephales promelas

Test type:

flow-through

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Duration:

96 d

Effect conc.:

23.8 mg/L

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

The first study in this row of citations (Hall, Kier and Phipps 1984) reports a -log(LC50) of 3.76 which equals 23.8 mg/l. However, they (Hall, Kier and Phipps 1984) cite a paper of Bailey and Spanggord (1984), which reports a LC50 of 49.7 mg/l [equals -log(LC50) of 3.44]. In the same year, one of the above mentioned authors reports 49.7 mg/l in another study [Phipps GL et al. (1984) J Water Pollut Control Fed 56 (6): 725 - 758]. Thus it is assumed that the 23.8 mg/l stem from a citation error.

Executive summary:

Hall, 1984, 1986, 1989, Zhao, 1993, 1995a, 1995b, 1998, Feng, 1996, Basak, 2000

The first study in this row of citations (Hall, Kier and Phipps 1984) reports a -log(LC50) of 3.76 which equals 23.8 mg/l. However, they (Hall, Kier and Phipps 1984) cite a paper of Bailey and Spanggord (1984), which reports a LC50 of 49.7 mg/l [equals -log(LC50) of 3.44]. In the same year, one of the above mentioned authors reports 49.7 mg/l in another study [Phipps GL et al. (1984) J Water Pollut Control Fed 56 (6): 725 - 758]. Thus it is assumed that the 23.8 mg/l stem from a citation error.

Reference 6

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

calculation (if not (Q)SAR)

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

secondary literature

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: calculation

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Pimephales promelas

Test type:

other: not specified

Water media type:

freshwater

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

other: not given

Effect conc.:

33 mg/L

Remarks on result:

other: note: "c" (calculated)

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

The experimental results are cited from unspecified source. They are given as log LC50 (unit of LC50 not given): log LC50 = 3.44. The calculated value is slightly lower: 3.62.

Executive summary:

Martin, 2001

The experimental results (Pimephales promelas, 96h) are cited from unspecified source. They are given as log LC50 (unit of LC50 not given): log LC50 = 3.44. The calculated value is slightly lower: 3.62.

Reference 7

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

secondary literature

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: method not specified

GLP compliance:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Pimephales promelas

Test type:

not specified

Water media type:

freshwater

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

Measured LC50 concentrations were obtained from Aquire Database. They were compared with the predicted LC50 by using QSAR-models.
The duration of the test to determine LC50 and other details about the test system are not given.
For Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas):
LC50 measured: 19.0, 49.7, 49.9 mg/l

Executive summary:

Fiedler, 1990

The short-term toxicity to fish (Pimephales promelas) was investigated in a fresh-water system. Measured LC50 concentrations were obtained from Aquire Database. They were compared with the predicted LC50 by using QSAR-models. The duration of the test to determine LC50 and other details about the test system are not given. LC50 measured: 19.0, 49.7, 49.9 mg/l.

Reference 8

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

secondary literature

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: method not specified

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): 4-nitrotoluene
- Analytical purity: no data

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Pimephales promelas

Test type:

other: not specified

Limit test:

no

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

104 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

not specified

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Details on results:

Result is given in publication as -log(LC50): 0.76

Executive summary:

Eldred, 1999

The short-term toxicity to fish (Pimephales promelas) was investigated over a period of 96h. The following effect concentration was reported: LC50 (96h): 104 mg/L.

Reference 9

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No report available, only raw data

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: see below test conditions

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

yes

Details on test solutions:

- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): acetone 1:1

Test organisms (species):

Leuciscus idus

Test type:

not specified

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal concentrations tested: 1, 10 und 100 mg/L

Details on test conditions:

10 fish per test concentration in 10 L water were applied.

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

> 10 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

behaviour

Executive summary:

Bayer AG, 1985

The short-term toxicity to fish (Leuciscus idus) was investigated in a fresh-water system over a period of 96h. The following effect concentration was found: NOEC (96h): >10 mg/L.

Reference 10

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

significant methodological deficiencies

Remarks:

Basic data given. Restrictions of the method are: - Test period not given (Personal communication Wang 2003: 96 h) - 4 Fish used instead of at least 7 fish as recommended by the OECD guideline 203 - Temperature during the test was higher (25 °C) than the one suggested by OECD and other current guidelines (20 - 24 °C) - Yeast is not a standard food for carp - Length of fish (2- 6 cm) varied more than recommended in OECD guideline

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Method: other: see test conditions

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

purity: > 98 % (Purchased from E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany)

Analytical monitoring:

no

Test organisms (species):

Cyprinus carpio

Test type:

other: not specified

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Hardness:

215 mg/L as CaCO3

Test temperature:

25 +/- 1 °

pH:

6.6

Dissolved oxygen:

DO 4.9 mg/L

Details on test conditions:

- Carp were fed with yeast
- Acclimatization in aquaria for 2 weeks under conditions similar to those under which the test performed;
- 4 Carp, 2 - 6 cm, were introduced in each 10 l beaker containing 5 l of test chemicals with 5 different concentrations (10, 50, 100, 200, 500 µg/ml) - Each concentration was tested in duplicate
- Test period > 48 h

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

68 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

not specified

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Calculations according to Spearmann-Karber

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

- In Table 4 of their publication, Yen et al. report the LC50 to be 0.684 mg/l. After request, one of the authors (Wang 2003) communicated that the reported values are below the observed values by a factor of 100. Thus, the correct LC50 is 68 mg/l.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Remarks:

Restrictions of the method: - Test period not given (Personal communication Wang 2003: 96 h) - 4 fish used instead of at least 7 - Temperature during the test was higher (25 °C) than 20-24 °C - Yeast is not a standard food for carp - Length of fish 2-6 cm

Executive summary:

Yen, 2002

The short-term toxicity to fish (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated in a fresh-water system. In Table 4 of their publication, Yen et al. report the LC50 to be 0.684 mg/l. After request, one of the authors (Wang 2003) communicated that the reported values are below the observed values by a factor of 100. Thus, the correct LC50 is 68 mg/l. The test period is not given (Personal communication Wang 2003: 96 h).

Reference 11

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

documentation insufficient for assessment

Remarks:

Test procedure according to national standards with some restrictions.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: Guideline "Methods for Acute Toxicity Testing with Fish, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians", Ecological Research Series, EPA-66013-75-009
-test temperature of 20°C is only exception from this guideline

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Name of test material (as cited in publication): 4-Nitrotoluene
- Analytical purity: no data

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Pimephales promelas

Details on test organisms:

SRI stock culture

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Hardness:

26 ppm (as CaCO3)

Test temperature:

20 °C

pH:

7.2-8.6

Details on test conditions:

alkalinity: 45 ppm (as CaCO3)
conductivity: 103 µmhos/cm

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

49.9 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

not specified

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Effect values were calculated with the probit analysis according to Finney (1971)

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Remarks:

test temperature of 20°C is only exception from this guideline

Executive summary:

Pearson, 1979

The short-term toxicity to fish (Pimephales promelas) was investigated in a fresh-water system over a period of 96h, following the procedure outlined in EPA-66013-75-009. The following effect concentration was found: LC50 (96h): 49.9 mg/L.

Reference 12

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study without detailed documentation

Remarks:

GLP-Guideline study, only results are published, detailed study report not available

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)

Deviations:

not specified

GLP compliance:

yes

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): p-Nitrotoluene
- Analytical purity: no data

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Vehicle:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Oryzias latipes

Test type:

not specified

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

37 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

not specified

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

no further data

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Executive summary:

NITE, 2009

The short-term toxicity to fish (Oryzias latipes) was investigated in a fresh-water system over a period of 96h, following the procedure outlined in OECD testing guideline 203. The following effect concentration was found: LC50 (96h): 37 mg/L.

 

Reference 13

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

significant methodological deficiencies

Remarks:

exposure time too short: 48h

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

ISO 7346/1-3 (Determination of the Acute Lethal Toxicity of Substances to a Freshwater Fish [Brachydanio rerio Hamilton-Buchanan (Teleostei, Cyprinidae)])

Principles of method if other than guideline:

no data

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Name of the test material (as cited in publication): 4-methylnitrobenzene
- Analytical purity: >=98 %

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Carassius auratus

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Hardness:

hardness of 250 mg/l obtained by addition of 294 mg/L CaCl2*2H2O, 123.3 mg/L MgSO4*7H2O, 63 mg/L NaHCO3, 5.5 mg/L KCl

Test temperature:

23 +/- 1 °C

pH:

7.8 +/- 0.2

Dissolved oxygen:

oxygen saturation > 90 %

Details on test conditions:

- Standard dilution water
- Fish length 30 +/- 5 mm, acclimated at least 7 d before start of incubation
- Each incubation vessel 10 L, 7 fish
- No food during incubation
- Daily check of oxygen concentration, pH, temperature
- Quality criteria:
- oxygen concentration > 60 % of saturation
- TS concentration not significantly changed
- Mortality or number of fish with abnormal behaviour does not exceed 10 % in controls

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

K2Cr2O7

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

ca. 10.5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

not specified

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Details on results:

Results are given in the original reference of Liu et al. (1997) as log LC50: log LC50 = 1.02 expressed in [mg/L].

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Probit analysis of data

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Executive summary:

Liu, 1997

The short-term toxicity to fish (Carassius auratus) was investigated in a fresh-water system over a period of 48h, following the procedure outlined in ISO 7346/1-3. The following effect concentration was found: LC50 (48h): ca. 10.5 mg/L.

 

Reference 14

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

documentation insufficient for assessment

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: according to the method described by Könemann (1981).
The 14 day LC50 values of the various compounds were determined following the
procedure outlined by Koenemann (1981), with two small changes: concentrations
were increased in geometrical progression with a factor of 2, and ten guppies were
exposed to each concentration.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Name of test material (as cited in the publication): 4-nitrotoluene
- Analytical purity: >98% purity

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

- water samples were taken at least on four days during the experimental period, both before and after renewal of the solutions

Details on test solutions:

- concentrations found after 24 h corresponded to at least 80% of the amount added

Test organisms (species):

Poecilia reticulata

Details on test organisms:

- fish used for the toxicity experiments were male and female
- fish were reared in own laboratory (Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, NL)
- age of fish varied from 2-3 months at the start of the experiments

Test type:

other: not specifed

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

14 d

Hardness:

25 mg/L as CaCO3

Test temperature:

21 - 23 °C

pH:

6.8 - 7.2

Dissolved oxygen:

> 4.5 mg/L

Details on test conditions:

- all fish were acclimatized for at least 12 days prior to the experiments.
- all fish were fed a commercial fishfood daily.
- all experiments were carried out in standard water (SW), prepared according to Alabaster and Abram (1964).

Duration:

14 d

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

36.9 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Details on results:

Results are given in the original reference of Deneer et al. (1987) as log LC50: log LC50 = 2.43 (LC50 µmol/L).

Reported statistics and error estimates:

LC50 values were calculated by logit transformation, and are based on the amount of compound added.

Executive summary:

Deneer, 1987

The short-term toxicity to fish (Poecilia reticulata) was investigated in a fresh-water system over a period of 14d, following the procedure outlined by Koenemann (1981), with two small changes. The following effect concentration was found: LC50 (14d): 36.9 mg/L.

Reference 15

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

documentation insufficient for assessment

Remarks:

Test procedure according to national standards. Basic data given.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

other: Method by US-EPA 1975 (EPA-660/3-75-009)

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Name of the test material (as cited in publication): 4-nitrotoluene
- Analytical purity: 95-99%

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

no further details

Test organisms (species):

Pimephales promelas

Details on test organisms:

- Juveniles averaging 2.4 cm in total length and 0.28 g in weight.
- not fed 24h before or during test

Test type:

flow-through

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Hardness:

29.6 (12-43) mg/L as CaCO3

Test temperature:

20.3 (19.5-22) °C

pH:

7.6 (6-9.2)

Dissolved oxygen:

7.2 (2.8-9.4) mg/L

Details on test conditions:

Several glass pickle jars containing 15 l of test solution and 10 fish per jar were used at each concetration level. At least five concentrations plus a control were tested. The parameters of the test system: pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature were monitored during the test.

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

49.7 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

not specified

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: 95% CL: 46.4 - 52.6

Details on results:

CL= confidence level

Reported statistics and error estimates:

The median lethal concentration (LC50) was estimated using a computer program developed at SRI. If partial responses occurred, log and linear probit analyses were performed, and the appropriate LC50 value was selected on the basis of fit. If no partial responses occurred, the LC50 was estimated by a logarithmic fit of the data and confidence limits by binomial probability.

Executive summary:

Bailey, 1983, Liu, 1983, Phipps, 1984, Martin, 2001

The short-term toxicity to fish (Pimephales promelas) was investigated in a freshwater flow-through system over a period of 96h (limit test) according to the method by US-EPA 1975 (EPA-660/3-75-009). The following effect concentration was found: LC50 (96h): 49.7 mg/L.

Reference 16

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

other: BUA report

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

other: BUA report

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: no reliability is given as this is a summary entry for the BUA report

Principles of method if other than guideline:

BUA report

GLP compliance:

not specified

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

BUA report (1989):

The results of studies on the acute toxicity of p-nitrotoluene to fish are compiled in the following table:

 

Species	Duration [h]	Endpoint	Concentration [mg/l]	Reference
Brachydanio rerio	96	LC0	75	Bayer AG, 1985
	96	LC100	100
Oryzias latipes	48	LC50	69	Yoshioka et al., 1986
	96	LC50	51	Canton et al., 1985 + 1982
	96	EC50 (mortality and immobility)	18
Pimephales promelas	96	LC50	49.7	Bailey & Spanggord, 1983
	96	LC50	23.8	Hall & Kier, 1986
Leuciscus idus	48	LC0	50	Bayer AG, 1985
Poecillia reticulata	96	LC50	49	Canton et al., 1985 + 1982
	96	EC50 (mortality and immobility	21

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Executive summary:

BUA report (1989):

The results of studies on the acute toxicity of p-nitrotoluene to fish are compiled in the following table:

Species	Duration [h]	Endpoint	Concentration [mg/l]	Reference
Brachydanio rerio	96	LC0	75	Bayer AG, 1985
	96	LC100	100
Oryzias latipes	48	LC50	69	Yoshioka et al., 1986
	96	LC50	51	Canton et al., 1985 + 1982
	96	EC50 (mortality and immobility)	18
Pimephales promelas	96	LC50	49.7	Bailey & Spanggord, 1983
	96	LC50	23.8	Hall & Kier, 1986
Leuciscus idus	48	LC0	50	Bayer AG, 1985
Poecillia reticulata	96	LC50	49	Canton et al., 1985 + 1982
	96	EC50 (mortality and immobility)	21

 

Reference 17

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

other: OECD SIDS

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

other: OECD SIDS

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: no reliability is given as this is a summary entry for the OECD SIDS

Principles of method if other than guideline:

OECD SIDS

GLP compliance:

not specified

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

OECD SIDS (2003):

 

Several studies on the toxicity of 4-nitrotoluene to fishes were summarized in the assessment of the OECD SIDS (2003).

The lowest acute ecotoxicological effect concentration of a fish test was a 48 h-LC50 of 10.5 mg/l for the goldfish Carassius auratus obtained in a study according to ISO/DIS 7346/1.2.3 from 1982. For this study no quality criteria on the performance of the test were reported (Liu et al., 1997), however, the study can be regarded as valid. The second lowest acute toxicity of about 40 mg/l resulted from two semistatic 96 h studies similar to OECD Guideline 203 with the carp, Cyprinus carpio (Lang, 1996; Zhao et al., 1997). In another test with Cyprinus carpio Yen and coworkers (2002) reported a 96 h-LC50 of 68 mg/l. All effect values are based on nominal concentrations. In a test performed in a flow through system with Pimephales promelas a 96 h-LC50 of 49.7 mg/l was measured. This test was done according to the US-EPA method described in EPA-660/375-009 in 1975. Analytical monitoring was conducted and the recovery was averaged to 101 % (Bailey and Spanggord, 1984). With the species Oryzias latipes a LC50 of 74 mg/l after 48 h was obtained in a semistatic test in accordance to the Japanese Industrial standard method JIS K 0102-1986-71 (MITI 1992). In this test no information is available on analytical monitoring of the test concentration.

Executive summary:

OECD SIDS (2003):

Several studies on the toxicity of 4-nitrotoluene to fishes were summarized in the assessment of the OECD SIDS (2003).

The lowest acute ecotoxicological effect concentration of a fish test was a 48 h-LC50 of 10.5 mg/l for the goldfish Carassius auratus obtained in a study according to ISO/DIS 7346/1.2.3 from 1982. For this study no quality criteria on the performance of the test were reported (Liu et al., 1997), however, the study can be regarded as valid. The second lowest acute toxicity of about 40 mg/l resulted from two semistatic 96 h studies similar to OECD Guideline 203 with the carp, Cyprinus carpio (Lang, 1996; Zhao et al., 1997). In another test with Cyprinus carpio Yen and coworkers (2002) reported a 96 h-LC50 of 68 mg/l. All effect values are based on nominal concentrations. In a test performed in a flow through system with Pimephales promelas a 96 h-LC50 of 49.7 mg/l was measured. This test was done according to the US-EPA method described in EPA-660/375-009 in 1975. Analytical monitoring was conducted and the recovery was averaged to 101 % (Bailey and Spanggord, 1984). With the species Oryzias latipes a LC50 of 74 mg/l after 48 h was obtained in a semistatic test in accordance to the Japanese Industrial standard method JIS K 0102-1986-71 (MITI 1992). In this test no information is available on analytical monitoring of the test concentration.

Description of key information

For transported isolated intermediates according to REACh, Article 18, this endpoint is not a data requirement. However, data is available for this endpoint and is thus reported under the guidance of "all available data".

BUA report (1989):

The results of studies on the acute toxicity of p-nitrotoluene to fish are compiled in the following table:

Species	Duration [h]	Endpoint	Endpoint [mg/L]	Reference
Brachydanio rerio	96	LC0	75	Bayer AG, 1985
	96	LC100	100
Oryzias latipes	48	LC50	69	Yoshioka et al., 1986
	96	LC50	51	Canton et al., 1985 + 1982
	96	EC50 (mortality and immobility)	18
Pimephales promelas	96	LC50	49.7	Bailey & Spanggord 1983
	96	LC50	23.8	Hall & Kier, 1986
Leuciscus idus	48	LC0	50	Bayer AG, 1985
Poecilia reticulata	96	LC50	49	Canton et al., 1985 + 1982
	96	EC50 (mortality and immobility)	21

OECD SIDS (2003)

Several studies on the toxicity of 4-nitrotoluene to fishes were summarized in the assessment of the OECD SIDS (2003).

The lowest acute ecotoxicological effect concentration of a fish test was a 48 h-LC50 of 10.5 mg/l for the goldfish Carassius auratus obtained in a study according to ISO/DIS 7346/1.2.3 from 1982. For this study no quality criteria on the performance of the test were reported (Liu et al., 1997), however, the study can be regarded as valid. The second lowest acute toxicity of about 40 mg/l resulted from two semistatic 96 h studies similar to OECD Guideline 203 with the carp, Cyprinus carpio (Lang, 1996; Zhao et al., 1997). In another test with Cyprinus carpio Yen and coworkers (2002) reported a 96 h-LC50 of 68 mg/l. All effect values are based on nominal concentrations. In a test performed in a flow through system with Pimephales promelas a 96 h-LC50 of 49.7 mg/l was measured. This test was done according to the US-EPA method described in EPA-660/375-009 in 1975. Analytical monitoring was conducted and the recovery was averaged to 101 % (Bailey and Spanggord, 1984). With the species Oryzias latipes a LC50 of 74 mg/l after 48 h was obtained in a semistatic test in accordance to the Japanese Industrial standard method JIS K 0102-1986-71 (MITI 1992). In this test no information is available on analytical monitoring of the test concentration.

Bailey, 1983, Liu, 1983, Phipps, 1984, Martin, 2001

The short-term toxicity to fish (Pimephales promelas) was investigated in a freshwater flow-through system over a period of 96h (limit test) according to the method by US-EPA 1975 (EPA-660/3-75-009). The following effect concentration was found: LC50 (96h): 49.7 mg/L.

Deneer, 1987

The short-term toxicity to fish (Poecilia reticulata) was investigated in a fresh-water system over a period of 14d, following the procedure outlined by Koenemann (1981), with two small changes. The following effect concentration was found: LC50 (14d): 36.9 mg/L.

Liu, 1997

The short-term toxicity to fish (Carassius auratus) was investigated in a fresh-water system over a period of 48h, following the procedure outlined in ISO 7346/1-3. The following effect concentration was found: LC50 (48h): ca. 10.5 mg/L.

NITE, 2009

The short-term toxicity to fish (Oryzias latipes) was investigated in a fresh-water system over a period of 96h, following the procedure outlined in OECD testing guideline 203. The following effect concentration was found: LC50 (96h): 37 mg/L.

Pearson, 1979

The short-term toxicity to fish (Pimephales promelas) was investigated in a fresh-water system over a period of 96h, following the procedure outlined in EPA-66013-75-009. The following effect concentration was found: LC50 (96h): 49.9 mg/L.

Yen, 2002

The short-term toxicity to fish (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated in a fresh-water system. In Table 4 of their publication, Yen et al. report the LC50 to be 0.684 mg/l. After request, one of the authors (Wang 2003) communicated that the reported values are below the observed values by a factor of 100. Thus, the correct LC50 is 68 mg/l. The test period is not given (Personal communication Wang 2003: 96 h).

Bayer AG, 1985

The short-term toxicity to fish (Leuciscus idus) was investigated in a fresh-water system over a period of 96h. The following effect concentration was found: NOEC (96h): >10 mg/L.

Eldred, 1999

The short-term toxicity to fish (Pimephales promelas) was investigated over a period of 96h. The following effect concentration was reported: LC50 (96h): 104 mg/L.

Fiedler, 1990

The short-term toxicity to fish (Pimephales promelas) was investigated in a fresh-water system. Measured LC50 concentrations were obtained from Aquire Database. They were compared with the predicted LC50 by using QSAR-models. The duration of the test to determine LC50 and other details about the test system are not given. LC50 measured: 19.0, 49.7, 49.9 mg/l.

Martin, 2001

The experimental results (Pimephales promelas, 96h) are cited from unspecified source. They are given as log LC50 (unit of LC50 not given): log LC50 = 3.44. The calculated value is slightly lower: 3.62.

Urrestarazu Ramos, 1998, Gunatilleka, 1999

Gunatilleka et al. (1999) give the results as -log LC50 = 3.67 and report that this value is taken from Urrestarazu Ramos et al. (1998).

Hall, 1984, 1986, 1989, Zhao, 1993, 1995a, 1995b, 1998, Feng, 1996, Basak, 2000

The first study in this row of citations (Hall, Kier and Phipps 1984) reports a -log(LC50) of 3.76 which equals 23.8 mg/l. However, they (Hall, Kier and Phipps 1984) cite a paper of Bailey and Spanggord (1984), which reports a LC50 of 49.7 mg/l [equals -log(LC50) of 3.44]. In the same year, one of the above mentioned authors reports 49.7 mg/l in another study [Phipps GL et al. (1984) J Water Pollut Control Fed 56 (6): 725 - 758]. Thus it is assumed that the 23.8 mg/l stem from a citation error.

Jobling, 1995

Using a cytosolic extract from the liver of rainbow trout, the binding of the test substance to the fish estrogen receptor was quantified. 

Shen, 2012 (only abstract available)

This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological response of p-nitrotoluene and p-nitroaniline to the key fish species, Cyprinus carpio. A freshwater fish bioassay based on the 96 h LC 50 was used to estimate the single and joint toxicity of the two chemicals. The toxicity of p-nitrotoluene was greater than that of p-nitroaniline based on 96 h LC 50 values of 40.74 mg·L−1 and 48.99 mg·L−1, respectively. Both compounds had moderate toxicity toward Cyprinus carpio, and this toxicity increased with the exposure duration and concentration. Binary mixtures of the compounds were more toxic than the individual compounds at 96 h, and they acted upon partial addition. When the exposure time was longer, the toxicity increased for mixtures of compounds with the same concentration or toxicity. The results of this study suggest that exposure to a combination of these chemicals would result in a higher environmental risk in aquatic systems than exposure to either compound alone. Further research is needed to investigate the combined effects and sublethal toxicity of p-nitrotoluene and p-nitroaniline, since they are both still used in China.

MITI, 1998 (only abstract available)

Effect concentrations

Species: Oryzias latipes
Exposure duration : 96 h
Endpoint : LC50
Effect concentration : 36.5 mg/L
Basis for concentration : nominal
Remarks (e.g. 95% CL) : 95% CL: 26.7- 60.0 mg/L