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EC number: 601-147-9 | CAS number: 111988-49-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to terrestrial plants
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 07 Feb - 13 Mar 2012
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 208 (Terrestrial Plants, Growth Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 2008
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: Spray solution
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- - Method of application to soil surface: The test item was dissolved in deionised water and was applied once with 200 L/ha using a spray chamber.
- Controls: 200 L deionized water/ha - Species:
- Zea mays
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Corn
- Plant family: Poaceae
- Variety: Aventura
- Source of seed: KWS Saat AG
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no treatment with pesticides or repellents prior to test initiation.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 95%
- Seed storage: Seeds were stored in the dark in plastic boxes in a refrigerator. - Species:
- Triticum aestivum
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Wheat
- Plant family: Poaceae
- Variety: Triso
- Source of seed: Deutsche Saatveredelung
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no treatment with pesticides or repellents prior to test initiation.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 100%
- Seed storage: Seeds were stored in the dark in plastic boxes in a refrigerator. - Species:
- Avena sativa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Oat
- Plant family: Poaceae
- Variety: Flämingstern
- Source of seed: Samen Schlereth
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no treatment with pesticides or repellents prior to test initiation.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 80%
- Seed storage: Seeds were stored in the dark in plastic boxes in a refrigerator. - Species:
- Allium cepa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Onion
- Plant family: Liliaceae
- Variety: Braunschweiger blutrot
- Source of seed: Enza Zaden
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no treatment with pesticides or repellents prior to test initiation.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 100%
- Seed storage: Seeds were stored in the dark in plastic boxes in a refrigerator. - Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Tomato
- Plant family: Solanaceae
- Variety: Balkonstar
- Source of seed: Enza Zaden
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no treatment with pesticides or repellents prior to test initiation.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 100%
- Seed storage: Seeds were stored in the dark in plastic boxes in a refrigerator. - Species:
- Helianthus annuus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Sunflower
- Plant family: Asteraceae
- Variety: Pacino Cola
- Source of seed: Schlereth
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no treatment with pesticides or repellents prior to test initiation.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 90%
- Seed storage: Seeds were stored in the dark in plastic boxes in a refrigerator. - Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Soybean
- Plant family: Fabaceae
- Variety: Protina
- Source of seed: Schlereth
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no treatment with pesticides or repellents prior to test initiation.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 95%
- Seed storage: Seeds were stored in the dark in plastic boxes in a refrigerator. - Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Cucumber
- Plant family: Cucurbitaceae
- Variety: Delikatess
- Source of seed: Enza Zaden
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no treatment with pesticides or repellents prior to test initiation.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 100%
- Seed storage: Seeds were stored in the dark in plastic boxes in a refrigerator. - Species:
- Beta vulgaris
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Sugar beet
- Plant family: Chenopodiaceae
- Variety: Mosaik
- Source of seed: Schlereth
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no treatment with pesticides or repellents prior to test initiation.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 80%
- Seed storage: Seeds were stored in the dark in plastic boxes in a refrigerator. - Species:
- Brassica napus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Oilseed rape
- Plant family: Brassicaceae
- Variety: Vision
- Source of seed: Schmitt
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: no treatment with pesticides or repellents prior to test initiation.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 100%
- Seed storage: Seeds were stored in the dark in plastic boxes in a refrigerator. - Test type:
- seedling emergence and seedling growth test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- artificial soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 28 d
- Remarks:
- 14 days following the emergence of 70% of the control seedlings.
- Test temperature:
- Day: 23 ± 8 °C
Night: 18 ± 8 °C - pH:
- 7.3
- Moisture:
- 70 ± 30%
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Testing facility: glasshouse
- Test container (type, material, size): commercial plastic flower pots (10.5 cm diameter)
- Amount of soil: not reported
- Method of seeding: Seeds were pressed into the soil surface and covered with a layer of the used soil.
- No. of seeds per container: 5
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 4
- No. of replicates per control: 4
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Composition: mixture of 90% standard silt loam soil + 10% washed sand; soil was sieved to 2 mmand sterilized at 120 °C for about 30 min
- Organic carbon (%): 0.81%
- Lime content: 2.0% CaCO3
- Maximum water holding capacity (in % dry weigth):
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: Regulated to maintain at least 16 h light
- Light source: Natural daylight supplemented by artificial lighting
- Light intensity and quality: Regulation: at light intensities > 15000 lux the lamps turn off and when > 50000 lux the shading closes
- Day/night temperatures: Regulated to maintain 23 ± 8 °C day and 18 ± 8 °C night
- Relative humidity (%): Regulated to maintain 70 ± 30%
- Watering regime and schedules: Following the initial top watering to facilitate germination of the seed until validity criteria for germination were reached, further irrigation was provided to the pots by bottom watering via saucers standing below each pot. Water was given and retained within the saucer according to the need of the plants in order to have an optimal water supply for plant growth.
- Water source/type: not reported
- Volume applied: not reported
- Any pest control method/fertilization: 2.4 g Blaukorn per liter in test soil; no liquid fertilization
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : emergence (daily), survival and phytotoxicity (day 7 and 14 after emergence of 70% of the seeds in the control), growth stages and shoot dry weight (final assessment at test end)
- Phytotoxicity rating system (if used): 0 = no injury or effect, A = slight symptom (s), B = moderate symptom (s), C = severe symptom (s), D = total plant symptom (s), E = moribund - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentration: 0.4 L test item/ha (≙ 96 g a.i./ha ≙ 0.064 µg/kg soil dw)
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Species:
- other: Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus, Glycine max, Helianthus annuus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Allium cepa, Avena sativa, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 64 µg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks:
- and growth
- Remarks on result:
- other: Recalculated effect result using a default depth of 10 cm and soil density of 1500 kg/m3
- Species:
- other: Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus, Glycine max, Helianthus annuus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Allium cepa, Avena sativa, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 96 g/ha
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks:
- and growth
- Remarks on result:
- other: Recalculated based on target substance concentration in formulation (240 g/L)
- Species:
- other: Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus, Glycine max, Helianthus annuus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Allium cepa, Avena sativa, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 0.4 other: L/ha
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks:
- and growth
- Details on results:
- SEED GERMINATION
- Percent seed germination: control: 80% (Helianthus annuus) - 100% (Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus, Avena sativa)
SEEDLING EMERGENCE
- Percent seedling emergence: control: 80% (Helianthus annuus) - 100% (Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus, Avena sativa)
- Percent survival: control: 100%
- Abnormal seed development or appearance: control and treatment group: no sign of phytotoxicity on day 14
- Phytotoxicity: No signs of phytotoxicity were observed. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Statistical analysis of shoot dry weight data was conducted by using the Mann-Whitney-U-Test, one sided smaller, p < 0.05 by ToxRat software.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- For further, details, please refer to 'Any other information on results incl. tables'.
- Conclusions:
- The NOEC (28 d) was determined to be ≥ 0.4 L test item/ha, corresponding to 64 µg/kg soil dw, in an Seedling Emergence & Growth Test (OECD 208) with 10 plant species.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: short-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 08 - 23 Dec 1998
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 122-1 (Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tier I (vegetative vigor))
- Version / remarks:
- 1986
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Species:
- Phaseolus vulgaris
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Species:
- Brassica rapa
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Species:
- Daucus carota
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Species:
- Triticum aestivum
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Test type:
- vegetative vigour test
- Study type:
- semi-field study
- Remarks:
- Greenhouse study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Total exposure duration:
- 14 d
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 0.5 Ibs a.i./acre (562 g a.i./ha). The nominal concentration of the test substance in the spray mixture was 2396 ppm.
Measured: 92 and 88% of the nominal concentration - Species:
- Phaseolus vulgaris
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 0.375 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Remarks on result:
- other: Recalculated effect result using a default depth of 10 cm and soil density of 1500 kg/m3
- Species:
- Brassica rapa
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 0.375 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Remarks on result:
- other: Recalculated effect result using a default depth of 10 cm and soil density of 1500 kg/m3
- Species:
- Daucus carota
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 0.375 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Remarks on result:
- other: Recalculated effect result using a default depth of 10 cm and soil density of 1500 kg/m3
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 0.375 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Remarks on result:
- other: Recalculated effect result using a default depth of 10 cm and soil density of 1500 kg/m3
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 0.375 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Remarks on result:
- other: Recalculated effect result using a default depth of 10 cm and soil density of 1500 kg/m3
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 0.375 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Remarks on result:
- other: Recalculated effect result using a default depth of 10 cm and soil density of 1500 kg/m3
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 0.375 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Remarks on result:
- other: Recalculated effect result using a default depth of 10 cm and soil density of 1500 kg/m3
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 0.375 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Remarks on result:
- other: Recalculated effect result using a default depth of 10 cm and soil density of 1500 kg/m3
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 0.375 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Remarks on result:
- other: Recalculated effect result using a default depth of 10 cm and soil density of 1500 kg/m3
- Species:
- Triticum aestivum
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 0.375 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Remarks on result:
- other: Recalculated effect result using a default depth of 10 cm and soil density of 1500 kg/m3
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- A postemergent exposure of the test substance to ten species of nontarget plants had no phytotoxic effects on seedling survival and growth up to the maximum challenge rate of 0.5 lbs a.i./acre. The no-observed-effect-level for the substance was 0.5 Ibs a.i./acre.
Referenceopen allclose all
Figure 1: Summary of the findings for each species
Species |
Emergence (% inhibition) |
Survival (% inhibition) |
Phytotoxicity |
Shoot Dry Weight (% inhibition) |
BBCH (control / treated) min - max |
Dicotyledoneae |
|||||
Beta vulgaris |
11.1 |
6.3 |
0 |
-0.4 |
12-14/12-14 |
Brassica napus |
0 |
0 |
0 |
-2.2 |
13-14/13-14 |
Cucumis sativus |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2.2 |
12-13/12-13 |
Glycine max |
5.3 |
0 |
0 |
-3.2 |
12-13/12-13 |
Helianthus annus |
-6.3 |
0 |
0 |
3.9 |
14-16/14-16 |
Lycopersicon esculentum |
5.3 |
0 |
0 |
2.7 |
13-14/13-14 |
Monocotyledoneae |
|||||
Allium cepa |
11.1 |
0 |
0 |
11.5 |
11-12/10-12 |
Avena sativa |
0 |
0 |
0 |
-7.3 |
12-13/12-13 |
Triticum aestivum |
-5.3 |
0 |
0 |
-5.0 |
13-21/13-21 |
Zea mays |
0 |
0 |
0 |
-2.5 |
13-14/13-14 |
Negative figures indicate that there was an increase when compared to the control
Table 2: Results of survival and emergence in controls
Species |
% emerged in control |
% survival in control |
Dicotyledoneae |
|
|
Beta vulgaris |
90 |
100 |
Brassica napus |
100 |
100 |
Cucumis sativus |
100 |
100 |
Glycine max |
95 |
100 |
Helianthus annus |
80 |
100 |
Lycopersicon esculentum |
95 |
100 |
Monocotyledoneae |
|
|
Allium cepa |
90 |
100 |
Avena sativa |
100 |
100 |
Triticum aestivum |
95 |
100 |
Zea mays |
100 |
100 |
Table 3: Effects on shoot dry weight
Species |
Mean value dry weight/plant in control |
Mean value dry weight/plant in treatment group |
Dicotyledoneae |
|
|
Beta vulgaris |
0.120 |
0.120 |
Brassica napus |
0.171 |
0.174 |
Cucumis sativus |
0.404 |
0.395 |
Glycine max |
0.485 |
0.500 |
Helianthus annus |
0.150 |
0.144 |
Lycopersicon esculentum |
0.120 |
0.116 |
Monocotyledoneae |
|
|
Allium cepa |
0.010 |
0.009 |
Avena sativa |
0.085 |
0.091 |
Triticum aestivum |
0.133 |
0.140 |
Zea mays |
0.274 |
0.281 |
Table 4: Validity criteria for OECD 208
Criterion |
Outcome |
Criterion fulfilled |
Seedling emergence in the controls is ≥ 70%. |
80 - 100% |
yes |
No visible phytotoxic effects (e.g. chlorosis, necrosis, wilting, deformatons) in control seedlings and the plants of every particular species exhibit normal variation in growth and morphology. |
No visible phytotoxic effects in controls |
yes |
In the controls, the mean survival of emerged control seedlings is ≥ 90% for the duration of the study. |
100% |
yes |
The environmental conditions for a particular species are identical and the growing media contain the same amount of soil matrix, support media or substrate from the same source. |
Identical conditions for all species |
yes |
Description of key information
NOEC (28 d) ≥ 64 µg/kg soil dw (initial. measured, OECD 208)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for terrestrial plants:
- 64 µg/kg soil dw
Additional information
Two GLP studies are available assessing the toxicity of 3-(2-chlor-5-pyridyl-methyl)-cyanimino-1,3-thiazolidin on terrestrial plants.
The key study evaluated the effects of the target substance on the seedling emergence and growth of ten non-target terrestrial plant species following a pre-emergence application of the test item on the soil surface according to OECD 208. The soil surface was treated with 0.4 L test item/ha test item using a laboratory track sprayer. The water volume rate was 200 L/ha. Each pot (replicate) contained 5 seeds and there were 20 seeds treated, i.e. 4 replicates. Control pots were treated with deionised water. Emergence, survival and visual phytotoxicity were then recorded 7 and 14 days once 70 % emergence had been achieved against the deionised water treated controls. The study was terminated 14 days after 70 % emergence in the controls of each species. Analysis of the target substance in the spray solution revealed it to be 103.3 % of nominal. No adverse effects on emergence, seedling survival, visual phytotoxicity, growth and shoot dry weight reaching or exceeding the 50 % effect level were observed. The NOEC (28 d) was therefore determined to be ≥ 0.4 L test item/ha corresponding to ≥ 96 g a.i./ha, which corresponds to ≥ 64 µg/kg soil dw (recalculated result using a default depth of 10 cm and soil density of 1500 gk/m3).
In another study, a postemergent application of the test substance
to seedlings was used to evaluate the phytotoxicity of the test
substance to non-target terrestrial plants in a greenhouse study,
according to the EPA OPP 122-1 (Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tier I
(vegetative vigor)) guideline. Ten species of plants were tested
including six dicots and four monocots. No treatment related effects for
survival, plant height, plant dry weight and phytotoxicity were noted at
an application rate of 562 g a.i./ha which corresponds to 0.375
mg a.i./kg soil dw (NOEC (14 d) ≥
0.375 mg a.i./kg soil dw).
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