Bismuth chloride oxide

Adsorption / desorption

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Endpoint:

adsorption / desorption: screening

Data waiving:

study scientifically not necessary / other information available

Justification for data waiving:

other:

Additional information

Bismuth chloride oxide is very poorly soluble in water (< 1 µg/L at 22.1 °C and pH 1 with 20 mg/L loading of aqueous phase). It bears a layered tetragonal crystal form and will be present mainly as a solid under environmental conditions (Keramidas et al. 1993). From the view of bismuth as a cation, in case it gets released into the environment in its ionic form through for example weathering, it will be predominantly transformed into insoluble basic salts (Salminen et al., 2005). A wide range of solid/solution distribution coefficients for soil were found in literature. Serne (2007) suggested a Kd value of 400 L/Kg (log Kd = 2.6) as an appropriate representative value to assess risk of the element in agricultural soils. Adsorption values in sediment found in literature ranged between 1.36 and 4.5 (Fernandez-Turiel et al., 1995 and Karlsson et al., 2007). Nevertheless, these values should be considered as the worst case for bismuth chloride oxide, since the substance is poorly soluble in water and the level of ionic bismuth released under standard environmental conditions is very low.

References:

Keramidas K. G., Voutsas G. P. and Rentzeperis P. I. (1993). The crystal structure of BiOCI, Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 205, 35 -40

Salminen, R. (Chief-editor), Batista, M.J., Bidovec, M. Demetriades, A., De Vivo. B., De Vos, W., Duris, M., Gilucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., Halamic, J., Heitzmann, P., Lima, A., Jordan, G., Klaver, G., Klein, P., Lis, J., Locutura, J., Marsina, K., Mazreku, A., O'Connor, P.J., Olsson, S.Å., Ottesen, R.-T., Petersell, V., Plant, J.A., Reeder, S., Salpeteur, I., Sandström, H., Siewers, U., Steenfelt, A., Tarvainen, T. (2005). Geochemical Atlas of Europe. Part 1 – Background Information, Methodology and Maps. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland, 526 pp. ISBN 951-690-921-3 [also available at: http://www.gtk.fi/publ/foregsatlas/].

Serne J.R, (2007).Kd Values for Agricultural and Surface Soils for Use in Hanford Site Farm, Residential, and River Shoreline Scenarios, Technical Report for Groundwater Protection Project --Characterization of Systems Task

Fernandez-Turiel J.L., Lopez-Soler A., Llorens J.F., and Querol X., Acefiolaza P., Durand F., Lopez J.P., Medina M.E., Rossi J.N., and Toselli A. J., Saavedra J. (1995). Environmental monitoring using surface water, river sediments, and vegetation: a case study in the Famatina range, La Rioja, NW Argentina. Environment International, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 807-820

Karlsson S., Düker A., Grahn E. (2007). Sediment chronologies of As, Bi, and Ga in Sweden-impact of industrialisation. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng., 42(2):155-64