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EC number: 946-329-1 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vivo
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / bone marrow chromosome aberration
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 1979
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Chromosomal aberrations in bone-marrow cells of mice given a normal or a calcium-deficient diet supplemented with various heavy metals
- Author:
- Deknudt and Gerber
- Year:
- 1 979
- Bibliographic source:
- Mutation Research, 68 (1979) 163-168
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Mice kept on a normal (1.1% calcium) or low-calcium (0.03%) diet were exposed for one month to zinc chloride (0.5% Zn). The concentrations, given in a poor calcium diet, represent a LD 50/30 days. After the mice were killed bone-marrow cells were assayed for chromosomal aberrations, and serum calcium was determined.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of assay:
- other: mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Zinc chloride
- EC Number:
- 231-592-0
- EC Name:
- Zinc chloride
- Cas Number:
- 7646-85-7
- IUPAC Name:
- zinc dichloride
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- C57BL
- Details on species / strain selection:
- 8-week-old male mice of the C57B1 strain, weighing about 25 g
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- 25 mice (8-week-old male mice of the C57B1 strain, weighing about 25 g) were maintained for one month on a standard diet (1.1 % calcium) or an a low-calcium diet (0.03 % calcium), to which zinc chloride (0.5 % zinc) has been added. As determined in a pilot experiment, these concentrations, added to the low-calcium diet, represent the LD 50/30 days, whereas only a few animals died in the groups receiving heavy metals added to a normal-calcium diet. Two additional groups receiving a normal or low-calcium diet served as controls. Each of the groups studied consisted of 25 mice; 10 survivors were killed for assay after one month.
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- no vehicle used
- Details on exposure:
- 25 mice (8-week-old male mice of the C57B1 strain, weighing about 25 g) were maintained for one month on a standard diet (1.1 % calcium) or an a low-calcium diet (0.03 % calcium), to which zinc chloride (0.5 % zinc) has been added. As determined in a pilot experiment, these concentrations, added to the low-calcium diet, represent the LD 50/30 days
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- one month
- Frequency of treatment:
- daily
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 5 ppm (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 0.75 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks:
- calculated from the test concentration in ppm using the default conversion factor for mice of 0.15 (Guidelines for the preparation of toxicological working papers for the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Geneva, December 2000)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 25
- Control animals:
- yes, plain diet
- Positive control(s):
- no positive control available
Examinations
- Tissues and cell types examined:
- bone-marrow cells from both femurs
- Details of tissue and slide preparation:
- 1 h before being killed by cervical dislocation, each mouse received an i.p. injection of 0.4 ml/30 g body weight of a 0.025% colchicine solution (p.a. from Merck). After the killing, blood was taken for calcium determination, and bone-marrow cells from both femurs were obtained by washing the shafts with a 2.2% sodium citrate solution. The cells were centrifuged, kept in hypotonic (1%) sodium citrate solution for 12 min, centrifuged again and fixed in ethanol : acetic acid (3 : 1). A few drops of the final cell suspension were spread on a clean glass slide and stained with lacto-orcein. 50 well-spread metaphases from each animal (a total of 500 from each group) were analysed for the presence of structural chromosomal aberrations.
- Evaluation criteria:
- not specified
- Statistics:
- The chromosomal data were statistically evaluated by chi-square analysis, and the weight and calcium data were tested by an analysis of variance.
Results and discussion
Test results
- Sex:
- male
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Toxicity:
- yes
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not examined
- Positive controls validity:
- not examined
- Additional information on results:
- Treatment with heavy metals, as well as the low-calcium diet significantly reduced the body weight of the mice, and the effect was more pronounced when treatments with heavy metals and low calcium diet were combined. In general, the intoxicated animals on a low calcium diet had lost weight, were weak, seemed anaemic and had brittle femurs. Serum calcium was reduced in animals on a low-calcium diet, and this effect was accentuated by intoxication with heavy metals whereas this intoxication as such did not significantly influence calcium levels in animals on a normal diet. The number of dicentrics as well as the number of cells carrying structural aberrations was significantly increased in mice kept on a calcium-deficient diet and treated with zinc.
The number of dicentrics as well as the number of cells carrying structural aberrations was significantly increased in mice kept on a calcium-deficient diet and treated with zinc.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Treatment and diet |
Body weight (g) |
Serum calcium (mg/100ml) |
Cells with structural aberrations |
Type andChromatidGaps |
||||
Chromatid aberrations |
Chromatid aberrations |
|||||||
gaps |
Breaks |
Gaps |
Fragments |
Dicentrics |
||||
Control+ Ca |
29.90±0.12 |
10.24±0.06 |
1.80±0.60 |
1.20±0.49 |
|
|
0.6±0.35 |
|
Control - Ca |
21.80±0.27 !! |
9.45±0.15 !! |
2.00±0.63 |
1.80±0.60 |
|
|
0.4±0.28 |
|
Zinc+ Ca |
17.90±0.23 ** |
9.76±0.29 *! |
2.80±0.75 |
1.80±0.60 |
0.2±0.2 |
|
0.4±0.28 |
0.4±0.28 |
Zinc - Ca |
12.05±0.25 **!! |
8.76±0.24 |
5.00±1.00 ** |
3.20±0.80 |
|
0.4±0.28 |
0.6±0.35 |
1.2±0.49 |
a All values represent means -+ standard errors (Poisson errors for counting data). Statistically significant differences from the respective controls without heavy metals are indicated as * and ** for the p <= 0.05 and p<= 0.01 levels. Differences from the respective treated group with calcium in the diet are shown as ! and !! for the p <= 0.05 and p <= 0.01 levels b Exact probability 0.06 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The present experiments confirm that zinc can cause severe chromosomal anomalies, particularly in animals kept on a low calcium diet.
- Executive summary:
Mice kept on a normal (1.1% calcium) or low-calcium (0.03%) diet were exposed for one month to zinc chloride (0.5% Zn). The concentrations, given in a poor calcium diet, represent a LD 50/30 days. After the mice were killed bone-marrow cells were assayed for chromosomal aberrations, and serum calcium was determined. The number of dicentrics as well as the number of cells carrying structural aberrations was significantly increased in mice kept on a calcium-deficient diet and treated with zinc.
The present experiments confirm that zinc can cause severe chromosomal anomalies, particularly in animals kept on a low calcium diet.
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