Benzaldehyde

Basic toxicokinetics

Administrative data

Endpoint:

basic toxicokinetics in vitro / ex vivo

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: test to investigate the inhibition of aldehydedehydrogenase on the metabolism of the test substance, non-GLP

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

1984

Report date:

1984

Materials and methods

Objective of study:

metabolism

Test guideline

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

The in vitro oxidation of the test substance was studied in liver samples from disulfiram-treated and control rats. Disulfiram is used in the treatment of alcoholism to inhibit aldehydedehydrogenase

GLP compliance:

not specified

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Benzaldehyde

EC Number:

202-860-4

EC Name:

Benzaldehyde

Cas Number:

100-52-7

Molecular formula:

C7H6O

IUPAC Name:

benzaldehyde

Details on test material:

Batch No.: not specified
Purity: reagent grade

Test animals

Species:

rat

Strain:

other: Wistar rat lvier

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

Male and female Wistar rats, weighing 250-350 g, were obtained from the breeding facilities of the Biochemistry Department at Purdue University.The rats were killed by cervical dislocation and the livers were quickly removed and placed in an ice-cold sucrose medium (pH 7.2) containing 0.25 M sucrose, 0.5 mM EDTA and 5 mM Tris-HC1. The subcellular fractions were isolated from a 10% (w/v) liver homogenate in this sucrose medium by differential centrifugation.

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:

infusion

Vehicle:

other: acetonitrile

Details on exposure:

Livers were quickly removed and placed in ice-cold 0.25M sucrose medium, pH 7.2. Liver slices, obtained by the use of a Stadie-Riggs tissue slicer, weighed 35-70 mg and were approximately 0.3 mm thick. The slices were placed in 5-ml glass vials containing 1 mL of Krebs improved Ringer II medium, pH 7.5, saturated with 95:50 O2/CO2 and fitted with Teflon-coated septurn caps. The vials were placed in a 25 ° shaking water bath, and the test substance was injected into vials with a Hamilton syringe through the septum.

Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:

10 min

Doses / concentrations

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
The final concentrations of the test substance were 25 or 250 µM.

No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:

None stated

Control animals:

yes

Positive control reference chemical:

None stated

Details on study design:

None stated

Details on dosing and sampling:

Liver slice incubations.
The reaction was terminated after 10 min by placing the vials on ice, and shortly afterwards a 0.8-mL aliquot of the solution was transferred to a new glass vial and 0.1 mL of 0.6 M ZnSO4 and 0.1mL of 0.7 M NaOH were added. The precipitate was removed by centrifugation at 1000 g for 10 min at 4 °. The concentrations of the test substance in the supernatant fractions were determined fluorometrically with the use of potassium-activated ALDH from yeast, or with purified beef liver ALDH obtained from this laboratory. The assay mixture contained 100 mM sodium pyrophosphate buffer (pH 9.0), 0.5 mM NAD and 100 mM KCl when yeast ALDH was used. The recovery of the substance from tissue blanks treated immediately with ZnSO4 and NaOH was approximately 90%, and nearly 100% in samples without added slices. ALDH activity in the slice was calculated as the rate of aldehyde disappearance during the first 10 min. The rate of aldehyde disappearance was linear with time for at least 30 min. The rate of disappearance was measured in three slices from each rat liver, and the calculated mean value was taken as one observation. The difference in activity between slices from controls and disulfiram-treated rats was the same whether the rate of disappearance per mg protein or per mg of slice was used.

Experiments with intact mitochondria.
To verify the integrity of the isolated mitochondria, the following tests were made: (1) the coupling of electron transport to oxidative phosphorylation, and the impermeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to NADH. Both tests were performed with the use of a Yellow Springs Instrument Clark oxygen electrode. Mitochondria (2-3 mg protein) was added to an incubation medium containing 5 mM MgSO4, 10 mM KCl, 0.25 M sucrose, 1 mM EDTA and 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). First, the oxygen consumption was recorded after addition of 5 mM pyruvate and malate, and then again after addition of 1 mM ADP. The marked increase in oxygen utilization in the presence of ADP demonstrated good coupling of the electron transport system to oxidative phosphorylation. The second test was performed by first recording oxygen consumption in the presence of ADP and then after addition of 0.1 mM NADH. Finding no increase in oxygen consumption after adding NADH demonstrated that there was no damage to the mitochondrial inner membrane during isolation of mitochondria. These two tests were performed with each preparation of isolated mitochondria before the incubation experiments were initiated. The incubation mixture was prepared in 5-mL glass vials with Teflon-coated septum caps and contained mitochondria (2-3 mg protein), 1 mM ADP and incubation medium (saturated with 95:5 O2/CO2) in a total volume of 1.1mL. The test substance was added with a Hamilton syringe to a final concentration of 200 µM, and the vials were placed in a 25 ° shaking water bath. The corresponding volume of acetonitrile was added to incubations employing acetaldehyde as the substrate. After a 10-min incubation the reaction was terminated by adding 0.1 mL of 0.6 M ZnSO4 and 0.7 M NaOH. The precipitate was removed by centrifugation at 1000g for 10min at 4 °. The concentrations of the test substance in the supernatant fraction, as well as the rate of aldehyde disappearance was determined as described in experiments with rat liver slices. To assay ALDH located in mitochondrial intermembrane space, 5 µM rotenone and 0.5 mM NAD were added to the incubation mixture.

Statistics:

None stated

Results and discussion

Main ADME results

Type:

metabolism

Results:

With subcellular fractions, from livers of disulfiram-treated and control rats, the inhibition of ALDH was obtained when the test substance was a substrate in cytosol and mitochondria.

Metabolite characterisation studies

Metabolites identified:

yes

Details on metabolites:

With 25 µM substrate, both cytosol and mitochondria appeared to make a nearly equal contribution to the oxidation of the test substance. When the Km values for the test substance with aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) were determined, two Km values (3 and 120 µM) were obtained with mitochondria, but only a single Km value (25 µM) was obtained with the cytosolic fraction. The relatively high Km (2.9 mM) found with microsomes makes it unlikely that microsomes are important in the oxidation of the test substance. In intact mitochondria, with 200 µM the test substance, the matrix space enzyme accounted for 62%, of the total ALDH activity. With subcellular fractions, from livers of disulfiram-treated and control rats, the inhibition of ALDH was obtained when the test substance was a substrate in cytosol and mitochondria. Microsomal ALDH was not inhibited by disulfiram. In liver slices from rats given disulfiram, a statistically significant inhibition was found when a significant inhibition (24%) was observed only with the lower substrate concentration. Finding that both mitochondrial fractions and slices were less inhibited at the higher substrate concentration implies that the high Km enzyme is not inhibited.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results (migrated information): bioaccumulation potential cannot be judged based on study results
It can be concluded that, in rat, disulfiram inhibiting liver ALDH affects oxidation of the test substance as well. Aldehydedehydrogenase is an essential enzyme for the metabolism of the test substance.

Executive summary:

The in vitro oxidation of the test substance was studied in liver samples from disulfiram-treated and control rats. Disufiram is an inhibitor of aldehydedehydrogenase (ALDH) and used as treatment for alcoholics.

It can be concluded that, in rat, disulfiram inhibiting liver ALDH also affects oxidation of the test substance.