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EC number: 215-311-9 | CAS number: 1321-12-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro DNA damage and/or repair study
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: chromosome aberration
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Comparable to guideline with acceptable restrictions (no data onsubstance purity, no data on cytotoxicity)
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 987
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 992
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 479 (Genetic Toxicology: In Vitro Sister Chromatid Exchange Assay in Mammalian Cells)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (no data on cytotoxicity)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Testing was performed as reported by Loveday et al. (1989) Environ. Molec. Mutagen. 13, 60-94
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- sister chromatid exchange assay in mammalian cells
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 2-nitrotoluene
- EC Number:
- 201-853-3
- EC Name:
- 2-nitrotoluene
- Cas Number:
- 88-72-2
- Molecular formula:
- C7H7NO2
- IUPAC Name:
- 1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene
- Test material form:
- liquid
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): o-nitrotoluene
- Analytical purity: no data
Method
- Target gene:
- not applicable
Species / strain
- Species / strain / cell type:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- (CHO-W-B)
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S9 was from the livers of Aroclor 1254-induced male Sprague-Dawley rats
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- Without S9: 117; 176; 218; 282 µg/ml
With S9: 354.83; 380.95; 423.28 µg/ml
Controls
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- cyclophosphamide
- mitomycin C
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- Each test point was performed in duplicates
In the absence of S9, cells were incubated with o-nitrotoluene or solvent for 2 hours at 37° C. Then 5-Bromodeoxyuridine BrdU was added and incubation was continued for another 23.5 hours making a total incubation time of 25.5h. Cells were washed, fresh medium containing BrdU and Colcemid was added, and incubation was continued for 2 to 3 hours.
In the presence of S9, cells were incubated with o-nitrotoluene or solvent for 2 hours at 37° C. The cells were then washed, and medium containing BrdU was added. Cells were incubated for a further 25.5 hours, with Colcemid present for the final 2 to 3 hours.
Immediately before the cells were harvested, the degree of confluence and availability of mitotic cells were noted. Cells were collected by mitotic shake-off at doses up to the maximum considered likely to yield sufficient metaphase cells for analysis; supernatant medium was returned to appropriate flasks so that subsequent harvests could be made from the same cultures if necessary. Because all mitotic cells were removed in the initial harvest, cells collected during subsequent harvests had come into mitosis during the period between harvests and thus had been exposed to colcemid for an average of 4 hr. After 1-3 min treatment with hypotonic solution (75 mM KCI), cells were fixed in 3:1 methanol : glacial acetic acid (V/V). For a preliminary assessment of cell cycle delay, test slides were prepared from cells treated at the highest dose levels to see if later harvests were necessary. These test slides were stained with "dilute" Hoeschst 33258 (0.5 µg/ml in Sorensen's buffer, pH 6.8) and examined by fluorescence microscopy to assess ceII cycle kinetics. In control cultures, almost all cells completed two cycles in BrdUrd (M2 cells) in 25- 26 hr, whereas, in treated cultures, cell cycle delay was common. In cases of severe delay, additional harvests were made from the same cultures at a later time to obtain sufficient second metaphase (M2) cells for SCE analysis (34 h) - Evaluation criteria:
- For individual doses, absolute increases in SCEs per chromosome of 20% or more over the
solvent control were considered significant.
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Species / strain:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Metabolic activation:
- without
- Genotoxicity:
- ambiguous
- Remarks:
- Slight increase of SCE rate (approx 16-18% increase of SCEs/chromosome over controls in the absence of metabolic activation)
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Metabolic activation:
- with
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Remarks:
- Significant increase of SCE rate (approx. 22-31% increase of SCE/chromosome over controls in the presence of metabolic activation)
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1: Induction of Sister Chromatid Exchanges In Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells by o-Nitrotoluene (Without S9 activation)
Without S9 |
|||||||
Compound |
Dose (µg/ml) |
Total cells |
No of SCEs |
SCEs/ chromosome |
SCEs/ cell |
Hrs in BrdU |
Relative SCEs/ chromosome |
DMSO |
- |
50 |
485 |
0.46 |
9.7 |
25.5 |
|
Mitomycin C |
0.005 |
50 |
2236 |
2.15 |
44.7 |
25.5 |
360.15 |
o-nitrotoluene |
117 |
50 |
569 |
0.54 |
11.4 |
34 |
16.87 |
176 |
50 |
557 |
0.54 |
11.1 |
34 |
16.42 |
|
218 |
50 |
576 |
0.55 |
11.5 |
34 |
18.76 |
|
282 |
0 |
Table 2: Induction of Sister Chromatid Exchanges In Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells by o-Nitrotoluene (With S9 activation)
With S9 |
|||||||
Conpound |
Dose (µg/ml) |
Total cells |
No of SCEs |
SCEs/ chromosome |
SCEs/ cell |
Hrs in BrdU |
Relative SCEs/ chromosome |
DMSO |
- |
50 |
380 |
0.36 |
7.6 |
25.5 |
|
cyclophosphamide |
1.50 |
50 |
1651 |
1.57 |
33.0 |
25.5 |
334.89* |
o-nitrotoluene |
354.83 |
50 |
499 |
0.47 |
10.0 |
25.5 |
31.32* |
380.95 |
50 |
467 |
0.44 |
9.3 |
25.5 |
22.90* |
|
423.28 |
50 |
488 |
0.46 |
9.8 |
25.5 |
28.79* |
* > = 20% increase in SCEs/chromosome
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Executive summary:
SCE was run on Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) with a method similar to OECD guideline 479 with acceptable restrictions (no data on cytotoxicity). 2-Nitrotoluene was positive in the presence of metabolic activation with >= 20% increase in SCEs, at all tested concentration (354.83 - 423.28 µg/ml). In the absence of metabolic activation, the result was negative (approx.16 - 18% increase of SCE). O-nitrotoluene causes DNA damage in vitro.
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