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EC number: 231-778-1 | CAS number: 7726-95-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Epidemiological data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- epidemiological data
- Type of information:
- other:
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Meets generally accepted scientific standards and is described in sufficient detail.
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Accidental Bromine Exposure in an Urban Population: An Acute Epidemiological Assessment
- Author:
- Morabia A, C Selleger, P Conne et al
- Year:
- 1 988
- Bibliographic source:
- Int J Epidemiol 17(1):148-152, 1988
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Nuage de brome a Geneve
- Author:
- Morabia A, Selleger C, Conne P, Landry JC, Fabre J.
- Year:
- 1 986
- Bibliographic source:
- Schweiz Med Wochenschr 116 (1) 11-18
Materials and methods
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Bromine
- EC Number:
- 231-778-1
- EC Name:
- Bromine
- Cas Number:
- 7726-95-6
- Molecular formula:
- Br2
- IUPAC Name:
- dibromine
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- general
- Ethical approval:
- not applicable
- Exposure assessment:
- estimated
Results and discussion
- Results:
- EXPOSURE
- Number of measurements:
- Average concentrations: 0.2 to 0.5 ppm
- Arithmetic mean:
- Geometric mean:
- Median:
- 95-Percentile:
- Standard deviation:
- Date(s) of measurement(s):
- Other:
FINDINGS: 91 patients showed mild clinical symptoms and course from accidental exposure to a bromine cloud released from a Geneva, Switzerland industrial plant. Estimated bromine concentrations were 0.2 to 0.5 ppm. Common symptoms observed were acute onset of conjunctivitis, irritation of the upper respiratory tract, coughs, and headaches. Symptoms persisted in 20 to 30% of the cases for up to 3 days and in certain cases for up to one month.
INCIDENCE / CASES
- Incidence/ Number of cases for each disease / parameter under consideration: 91 patients
- Other:
STATISTICAL RESULTS
- SMR (Standard mortality ratio):
- RR (Relative risk):
- OR (Odds ratio):
- Other:
OTHER OBSERVATIONS:
Any other information on results incl. tables
On the morning of November 8, 1984, an accident at a chemical plant in Geneva, Switzerland, resulted in the release of 550 kg of liquid bromine. The gaseous bromine was released via the ventilation system and formed a dense brown cloud that drifted into the neighborhood. The cloud remained low to the ground and drifted through the center of town before dissipating at Lake Geneva. The time from release of liquid bromine to disappearance of the cloud was about 5 hours. An ozone analyzer at the Ecotoxicological Center of the Canton of Geneva detected an oxidizing substance between 10 and 12 o'clock that morning. The Centre measured bromine concentrations at an undefined time using Draeger tubes equipped with chlorine reactive tubes. Measurements to determine the outside limits of the potentially contaminated zone showed air concentrations of 0.2 to 0.5 ppm. Ninety one patients were admitted to various departments of the University Hospital at Geneva. Patients reported signs and symptoms of eye irriation (90%), upper airways irritation (68%), cough (47%), expectoration (34%) and headache (46%). A worker from the plant was treated for severe acute bronchitis; he was discharged the following day after hydrocortisone treatment. The remainder of the patients had moderate, self-limiting symptoms. A followup one month later of 62 of the patients indicated no serious late complications.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Executive summary:
An accidental release of 550 kg liquid bromine from a Geneva, Switzerland industrial plant produced a bromine cloud with bromine concentrations of 0.2 to 0.5 ppm. Ninety-one patients showed a mild clinical course. Common symptoms observed were the acute onset of conjunctivitis, irritation of the upper respiratory tract, coughs, and headaches. Symptoms persisted in 20 to 30% of the cases for up to 3 days and in one case for up to 1 month.
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