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EC number: 203-539-1 | CAS number: 107-98-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Dermal absorption
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- dermal absorption in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1984
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: The study (publication) contains sufficient data to permit a meaningful evaluation of study results
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Absorption of some Glycol Ethers through Human Skin in-vitro
- Author:
- Dugard P.H. et al
- Year:
- 1 984
- Bibliographic source:
- Env. Health Pers.; Vol. 57, 193-197
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- To assist evaluation of the hazards of skin contact with selected undiluted glycol ethers, their absorption across isolated human abdominal epidermis was measured in vitro.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 1-methoxypropan-2-ol
- EC Number:
- 203-539-1
- EC Name:
- 1-methoxypropan-2-ol
- Cas Number:
- 107-98-2
- Molecular formula:
- C4H10O2
- IUPAC Name:
- 1-methoxypropan-2-ol
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Glycol Ethers
- Physical state: liquid
- Analytical purity: approximately 95% 1-methoxy-propan-2-ol
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): not specified in the publication
- Composition of test material, percentage of components: not specified in the publication
- Isomers composition: not specified in the publication
- Purity test date: not specified in the publication
- Lot/batch No.: not specified in the publication
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: not specified in the publication
- Stability under test conditions: not specified in the publication
- Storage condition of test material: not specified in the publication
Constituent 1
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Tritiated water (Radiochemical Centre)
Test animals
- Species:
- human
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Human abdominal whole skin (dermis plus epidermis) was obtained post mortem. The subcutaneous fat was removed and the skin immersed in water at 60°C for 45 sec. The epidermis was then gently separated from the dermis and the epidermal sheet was then floated on water and picked up onto aluminum foil.
Administration / exposure
- Type of coverage:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Duration of exposure:
- 8 hours
- Doses:
- undiluted glycol ether (approximately 95% 1-methoxypropan-2-ol)
- No. of animals per group:
- not applicable
- Details on study design:
- For assessment of glycol ether absorption, the donor chamber of each diffusion cell (vertical membrane) was filled (circa 5 mL) with undiluted glycol ether or 1 mL placed in the donor of diffusion cells with horizontal membranes. Receptor chambers were filled with a known volume of distilled water. In each experiment a "control" diffusion cell was employed in which the donor chamber was left empty but distilled water placed in the receptor and sampled so that interfering compounds could be recognized. Samples were taken hourly from the receptors (0.25 mL, monoglycol series) or halfhourly (0.75 mL, diethylene glycol compounds) and glycol ether content assayed in duplicate 2 ,uL aliquots of the receptor samples as described below. Each receptor sample was replaced with an equal volume of fresh distilled water. All glycol ether experiments were run for 8 hr. The results of the assay of receptor solution glycol ether content were converted to total amount having penetrated (with correction for sample removal) and plotted against time. The slope of this plot gives the rate of absorption of glycol ether through 1.8 cm2 of epidermis, simple division yielding rate per 1 cm2. Permeability constants for the glycol ethers were calculated from the linear, steady-state, region of the above plots by dividing the rate per unit area by the applied concentration.
After 8 hr contact, the donor glycol ethers and receptor solutions were removed and replaced with distilled water overnight. The distilled water wash was removed and the second determination of membrane permeability to tritiated water made. The ratio of final tritiated water permeability constant to the initial value, the "damage ratio," provides an indication of irreversible alterations in epidermal diffusion barrier function occurring during the experiment. - Details on in vitro test system (if applicable):
- Epidermal membrane discs, 3 cm in diameter, were cut with a punch, floated on water and drawn over the "receptor" chamber of diffusion cells of either of the types shown in Figure 1. The experimental conditions were identical whether diffusion cells having horizontal or vertical membrane orientation were used. The donor chambers of the diffusion cells were clamped in place to give 1.8 cm2 of epidermal surface available for absorption. All receptor solutions were stirred by a Teflon-coated stirring bar and experiments were conducted at 30°C.
The integrity of epidermal membranes was established before and after contact with the glycol ethers by measurement of their permeability to tritiated water. The donor chambers of diffusion cells were filled with tritiated water (5 µCi/mL), and the appearance of radiolabel in a measured volume of distilled water in receptor chamber was followed with time. Samples (25 µl) were taken hourly from the third to the sixth hour after addition of the donor tritiated water. Donor solutions were sampled at zero and 6 hr. A permeability constant for tritiated water was calculated from the slope of the (linear) plot of "sample counts versus times" . Epidermal membranes displaying tritiated water permeability constants greater than 1.5 x 10 cm/hr in the
initial determination were deemed to have been damaged in preparation and were rejected. Tritiated water was desorbed from acceptable membranes into distilled water in donor and receptor membranes overnight and both chambers were emptied prior to measurement of glycol ether absorption.
Results and discussion
- Absorption in different matrices:
- The absorption of all glycol ethers achieved maximum steady rates within the experimental period. The mean steady rates and the permeability constants derived from them are shown in Table 2. EM was the most readily absorbed glycol ether of the series tested. PM, EE, and EEAc were also readily absorbed, while EB was the most slowly absorbed monoglycol ether. EE and its acetate exhibited similar rates of absorption. For the three diethylene glycol ethers, DM, DE, and DB, rates of absorption were significantly slower than their monoethylene glycol equivalents, EM, EE and EB, respectively.
The lag time is determined by extrapolating the linear portion of these curves to zero absorption. This parameter is used to compare the early time course of absorption for different compounds (6) but tends to be difficult to determine with accuracy. However, the lag time displayed by DB of approximately 2 hr was clearly longer than for other glycol ethers (Table 2) with the exception of EM. The apparent lag time for EM varied between 1 and 3 hr, and this is discussed below. Control damage ratio values for water contact alone lie between 1.0 and 2.0. Thus slight irreversible effects on barrier function occurred for EM, EE, PM and DM.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Figure 1: Glass diffusion cells
Table 1: Skin absorption of glycol ethers
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- An absorption rate of 1.17 mg/cm2/hr was estimated for undiluted PGME.
- Executive summary:
To assist evaluation of the hazards of skin contact with selected undiluted glycol ethers, their absorption across isolated human abdominal epidermis was measured in vitro. Epidermal membranes were set up in glass diffusion cells and, following an initial determination of permeability to tritiated water, excess undiluted glycol ether was applied to the outer surface for 8 hr. The appearance of glycol ether in an aqueous "receptor" phase bathing the underside of the epidermis was quantified by a gas chromatographic technique. A final determination of tritiated water permeability was compared with initial values to establish any irreversible alterations in epidermal barrier function induced by contact with the glycol ethers. 2-methoxyethanol (EM) was most readily absorbed (mean steady rate 2.82 mg/cm2/hr), and a relatively high absorption rate (1.17 mg/cm2/hr) was also apparent for 1-methoxypropan-2-ol (PM). There was a trend of reducing absorption rate with increasing molecular weight or reducing volatility for monoethylene glycol ethers (EM, 2.82 mg/cm2/hr; 2-ethoxyethanol, EE, 0.796 mg/cm2/hr; 2-butoxyethanol, EB, 0.198 mg/cm2/hr) and also within the diethylene glycol series: 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethanol (DM, 0.206 mg/cm2/hr); 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol (DE, 0.125 mg/cm2/hr) and 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol (DB, 0.035 mg/cm2/hr). The rate of absorption of 2-ethoxyethyl acetate (EEAc) was similar to that of the parent alcohol, EE. Absorption rates of diethylene glycol ethers were slower than their corresponding monoethylene glycol equivalents. Combination of intrinsic toxicity and ability to pass across skin contribute to assessment of hazards of contact with undiluted glycol ethers.
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