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EC number: 203-733-6 | CAS number: 110-05-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Dec 2013 - Feb. 2014
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: GLP OECD guideline study with analytical monitoring, well described
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 211 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Water samples were taken from the control and each surviving test group (replicates pooled) for quantitative analysis. Samples of the fresh test preparations were taken on Days 0, 3, 6, 10, 13, 17 and 20 and of the expired test preparations on Days 1, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18 and 21. Samples taken on Day 1 were stored frozen prior to analysis. Duplicate samples were taken and stored at approximately -20 °C for further analysis if necessary. All sample bottles were shielded from light.
- Details on test solutions:
- An amount of test item (500 mg) was dissolved in test water and the volume adjusted to 5 liters to give the 100 mg/L test concentration. Aliquots (20, 64, 200 and 640 mL) of the 100 mg/L test concentration were separately added to a final volume of 2 liters of test water to give the remaining test concentrations of 1.0, 3.2, 10 and 32 mg/L respectively. Due to the light sensitive nature of the test item, all preparation was carried out under non actinic light.
Each stock solution and prepared concentration was inverted several times to ensure adequate mixing and homogeneity.
The concentration and stability of the test item in the test preparations were verified by chemical analysis on Days 0, 3, 6, 10, 13, 17 and 20 (fresh media) and on Days 1, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18 and 21 (old media). - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- Adult Daphnia were maintained in 150 mL glass beakers containing Elendt M7 medium in a temperature controlled room at approximately 20 deg.C. The lighting cycle was controlled to give a 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness cycle with 20 minute dawn and dusk transition periods. Each culture was fed daily with a mixture of algal suspension (Desmodesmus subspicatus) and Tetramin® flake food suspension. Culture conditions ensured that reproduction was by parthenogenesis. Gravid adults were isolated the day before initiation of the test, such that the young daphnids produced overnight were less than 24 hours old. These young were removed from the cultures and used for testing. The diet and diluent water are considered not to contain any contaminant that would affect the integrity or outcome of the study.
- Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- Hardness:
- 190 to 225 mg/L as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 20 deg. C
- pH:
- 7.6 - 8.0
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 7.9 - mg O2/L
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal (mg/L): 1.0; 3.2; 10; 32; 100
Mean Measured (mg/L): 0; 0; 2.0; 7.2; 26 - Details on test conditions:
- 3.4.2.2 Exposure Conditions
For each concentration a single daphnid was placed in approximately 160 mL of the test preparation in completely filled and sealed 160 mL glass vessels. For each test and control group ten replicate test vessels were prepared. The test vessels were maintained in a temperature controlled room at approximately 20 C in darkness for 21 days. Each vessel was randomly assigned to a position in the laboratory. The test vessels were not aerated. The diluent water only was aerated prior to use.
The control group was maintained under identical conditions but not exposed to the test item.
The test preparations were renewed daily. The adult Daphnia were transferred to fresh media by wide-bore pipette before the contents of each vessel were passed through a fine mesh. Young daphnids (live and dead) and any unhatched eggs were collected on the mesh and counted before being discarded.
Each daphnid received approximately 2 to 7 µL of an algal suspension (Desmodesmus subspicatus) and approximately 16 to 55 µL of Tetramin® flake food suspension daily. Feeding was at a level of approximately 0.1 to 0.2 mg carbon/daphnid/day, dependent on the age and size of the animals. Equal amounts of food were given to each daphnid. - Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 12 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- immobilisation
- Remarks:
- parental Daphnia generation (P1)
- Remarks on result:
- other: 10 - 15 mg/L
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 7.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: MATC
- Effect conc.:
- 14 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 7.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- immobilisation
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The EC50 (immobilization) values and associated confidence limits on Day 21 were calculated by the trimmed Spearman-Karber method (Hamilton et al 1977) using the ToxCalc computer software package (ToxCalc 1999).
The EC50 (reproduction) value after 21 days was estimated by inspection of the data
When only one partial response is shown the trimmed Spearman-Karber method is appropriate.
The observed mortalities in the parental (P1) generation of the 10 and 32 mg/L test groups were compared to the control group using the corrected chi-squared statistic (Breslow and Day 1980).
For the estimation of the "Lowest Observed Effect Concentration" (LOEC) and the "No Observed Effect Concentration" (NOEC) the numbers of live young produced per adult over the duration of the test for the control the 1.0, 3.2, 10 and 32 mg/L test groups were compared using one way analysis of variance incorporating Bartlett's test for homogeneity of variance (Sokal and Rohlf 1981) and the Williams test for differences between treatment means when several dose levels are compared with a zero dose control (Williams 1971) (see Appendix 4). Results from the control and the 1.0, 3.2, 10 and 32 mg/L test groups Daphnia length data, determined for the surviving daphnids on termination of the test, were compared using one way analysis of variance incorporating Bartlett’s test for homogeneity of variance (Sokal and Rohlf 1981) and Dunnett’s multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control (Dunnett 1955) (see Appendix 4). All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS computer software package (SAS 1999 - 2001).
The 100 mg/L test group data was not included in the statistical analysis as the effects of exposure eliminated all the daphnids prior to termination of the test. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the experiment, the 21 d NOEC is 7.2 mg/L
- Executive summary:
SUMMARY
Introduction
A study was performed to assess the toxicity of the test item toDaphnia magna. The method followed was designed to be compatible with the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals (2012) No 211, "DaphniamagnaReproduction Test" referenced as Method C.20 of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 440/2008.
Methods…….
Based on the results of a preliminary range-finding test,Daphnia magnawere exposed (10 replicates of a single daphnid per group) to an aqueous solution of the test item over a range of test concentrations of 1.0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L for a period of 21 days. The test solutions were renewed daily.
The numbers of live and dead adult Daphnia and young daphnids (live and dead) were determined daily. The Daphnia were fed daily with a mixture of algal suspension and Tetramin®flake food suspension.
Results…….
Analysis of the 10, 32 and 100 mg/L test preparations showed measured test concentrations to range from 12% to 43% of nominal value and so the results are based mean measured test concentrations. Low measured concentrations were obtained at the nominal concentrations of 10, 32 and 100 mg/L and this was considered to be due to the highly volatile nature of the test item. Variable measured concentrations were also obtained for the 1.0, 3.2 and 10 mg/L test preparations, however, as no effects were observed at these test concentrations, and these were not required for any of the statistical analysis, this was considered not to have an impact on the test.
Exposure of Daphnia magna to the test item gave the following results based on the mean measured test concentrations:
Endpoint
Concentration (mg/L)
Immobilization
EC10
-
95% confidence limits
-
EC50
12
95% confidence limits
10 - 15
Reproduction
EC10
-
95% confidence limits
-
EC50
>7.2
95% confidence limits
-
No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC)
7.2
Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC)
26
Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC)
14
Reference
Summary of Findings Following the Exposure of Daphnia magna for 21 Days
Nominal Concentration (mg/L) |
% Survival of P1 |
Number of Live Young*
|
Number of Dead Young
|
Number of Unhatched Eggs
|
|||
|
Per Female (cumulative)
|
|
Per Female (cumulative)
|
|
Per Female (cumulative)
|
||
Total |
Total |
Total |
|||||
|
|
|
|||||
Control |
100 |
625 |
63 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1.0 |
100 |
608 |
61 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3.2 |
100 |
609 |
61 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
80 |
515 |
62 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
32 |
90 |
563 |
63 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
19 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
*The number of live young per live adult at Day 21
Nominal Concentration (mg/L) |
Day |
||
20+ |
21* |
||
Control |
mg O2/L |
9.1 |
7.1 |
pH |
7.6 |
7.4 |
|
T°C |
20 |
21 |
|
1.0 |
mg O2/L |
9.1 |
7.2 |
pH |
7.6 |
7.3 |
|
T°C |
20 |
21 |
|
3.2 |
mg O2/L |
9.0 |
7.5 |
pH |
7.5 |
7.3 |
|
T°C |
20 |
21 |
|
10 |
mg O2/L |
9.2 |
8.0 |
pH |
7.5 |
7.3 |
|
T°C |
20 |
21 |
|
32 |
mg O2/L |
9.0 |
7.9 |
pH |
7.5 |
7.4 |
|
T°C |
20 |
21 |
|
100 |
mg O2/L |
A/D |
|
pH |
|||
T°C |
+After renewal
*Before renewal
A/DAll Dead
Description of key information
One OECD 211 GLP study is available with a 21 d NOEC of 7.2 mg/L
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 7.2 mg/L
Additional information
Based on the results of a preliminary range-finding test,Daphnia magnawere exposed (10 replicates of a single daphnid per group) to an aqueous solution of the test item over a range of test concentrations of 1.0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L for a period of 21 days. The test solutions were renewed daily.
The numbers of live and dead adult Daphnia and young daphnids (live and dead) were determined daily. The Daphnia were fed daily with a mixture of algal suspension and Tetramin®flake food suspension.
Analysis of the 10, 32 and 100 mg/L test preparations showed measured test concentrations to range from 12% to 43% of nominal value and so the results are based mean measured test concentrations. Low measured concentrations were obtained at the nominal concentrations of 10, 32 and 100 mg/L and this was considered to be due to the highly volatile nature of the test item. Variable measured concentrations were also obtained for the 1.0, 3.2 and 10 mg/L test preparations, however, as no effects were observed at these test concentrations, and these were not required for any of the statistical analysis, this was considered not to have an impact on the test.
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