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EC number: 910-704-8 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- June 25, 2007 - June 28, 2007
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Rationale for read-across: in the environment, lime substances rapidly dissociate or react with water. These reactions, together with the equivalent amount of hydroxyl ions set free when considering 100mg of the lime compound (hypothetic example), are illustrated below: Ca(OH)2 <-> Ca2+ + 2OH- 100 mg Ca(OH)2 or 1.35 mmol sets free 2.70 mmol OH Ca(OH)2 + 2Ca2SiO4 +9CaCO3 + 13H2O <-> 14Ca2+ + 2SiO2 + 9CO2 + 28OH- 100 mg “Reaction mass of limestone and dicalcium silicate” or 0.08 mmol sets free 2.24 mmol OH- has to be noted that CO32- is not expected to directly release two hydroxyl ions under most environmental conditions (depends on CO2 concentrations and pH) and this is therefore a worst case assumption. From these reactions it is clear that the effect of "Reaction mass of limestone and dicalcium silicate" will be caused either by calcium or hydroxyl ions. Since calcium is abundantly present in the environment and since the effect concentrations are within the same order of magnitude of its natural concentration, it can be assumed that the adverse effects are mainly caused by the pH increase caused by the hydroxyl ions. Furthermore, the above mentioned calculations show that the base equivalents are within a factor 2 for lime (chemical), hydraulic and calcium hydroxide. As such, it can be reasonably expected that the effect on pH of "Reaction mass of limestone and dicalcium silicate" is comparable to calcium hydroxide for a same application on a weight basis. Consequently, read-across from calcium hydroxide to "Reaction mass of limestone and dicalcium silicate" is justified.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 007
- Report date:
- 2007
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- No pH adjustment in test medium.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- No pH adjustment in test medium.
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Calcium dihydroxide
- EC Number:
- 215-137-3
- EC Name:
- Calcium dihydroxide
- Cas Number:
- 1305-62-0
- Molecular formula:
- CaH2O2
- IUPAC Name:
- calcium dihydroxide
- Details on test material:
- IUPAC name: Calcium dihydroxide
Constituent 1
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Start test: duplicate samples of all solutions
End test: test solutions of 2 replicates were mixed (precipitate left behind). Additionally, the test solutions of two replicates of the 235 mg/L concentration were mixed with 1N HCL (0.625 ml/replicate) to
redissolve any precipitated calcium. Duplicate samples were taken from controls and treated vessels, and from test vessels without algae at the highest test item concentration.
Storage samples: in brown glass bottles at ambient temperature in the dark.
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Test item was weighed separately into a glass beaker. Afterwards the content of the respective beakers was transferred to a 1000 mL measuring flask and filled up with temperature adjusted test medium.
Turbidity was noted at 138 mg/L and higher, so the test item was not completely dissolved at these concentrations. It is also possible that due to reaction of the test item with test medium components and CO2, poorly soluble precipitates were formed.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (SAG 61.81) supplied by Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, University Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen.
Age of the pre-culture: 3 days
Number of cells per ml in the pre-culture before inoculating the test solution: 1515000
Number of cells per ml test solution at the beginning of the test: 5000
Algal medium pH 5.8
Study design
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- 107 mg CaCO3/L
- Test temperature:
- 22.2-23.9 degC
- pH:
- INITIAL:
control: 5.8
48.0 mg/l: 6.4
80.0 mg/l: 6.8
138.0 mg/l: 7.2
235.0 mg/l: 8.1
400.0 mg/l: 11.4 - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 0 (control), 48.0, 80.0, 138.0, 235.0 and 400.0 mg/l.
Nominal and measured concentrations were approximately similar. - Details on test conditions:
- Test vessels: 300 ml Erlenmeyer flasks covered by air-permeable stoppers
Amount of test solution per test vessel: 100 ml
Number of replicates per test item concentration: 3
Number of replicates in the control: 6
Number of replicates for stability check (highest concentration without algae): 2
Light cycle: 24/0 hours light/dark
Type of light: fluorescent tubes of universal white type (L58W/840)
Light intensity: mean value of six measurements: 8025 lx (equivalent to 4440 - 8880 lx)
Temperature: 22.8 ± 0.30 °C
Shaker: 100 ± 5 oscillations/min (the test vessels were placed randomly on the shaker)
After 24, 48 and 72 hours, the cell numbers were determined by measuring the fluorescence intensity in 4 samples of 250 μl of test solution per replicate using a fluorometer (Multiple Reader Tecan ULTRA).
The results were converted into biomass concentration using a calibration curve. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- (potassium dichromate)
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 79.22 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Remarks:
- (Ca(OH)2)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 106.02 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Remarks:
- (Ca(OH)2)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 184.57 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Remarks:
- (Ca(OH)2)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 80 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Remarks:
- (Ca(OH)2)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 48 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Remarks:
- (Ca(OH)2)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control (for algal test): yes
- Flocculation: with increasing concentrations precipitates formed over time to which algae adhered, leading to flocculation. Visible precipitates formed at 138 mg/L and above leading to only a marginal increase in pH. It was therefore concluded that the initial pH of the test medium was not directly related to the biologically relevant effects. The formation of precipitates is likely the result of the reaction between Ca(OH)2 and CO2 dissolved in the medium yielding poorly soluble CaCO3.
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: the measured Ca concentrations were much below the nominal concentrations, due to the reaction of the test item with CO2 to poorly soluble CaCO3, thus forming precipitates. However, measurement of Ca after acidification at the end of the test resulted in a recovery of 97.7% . - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Growth rate: EC50 (0-72h): 1.635 mg/L
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The biological results were evaluated statistically. Probit analysis was used to calculate EC values.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Mean biomass increase in the control cultures: 139,4. Mean coefficient of variation for section-by-section specific growth rates in the control cultures: 7,0%. Coefficient of variation of average specific growth rates during test period in replicate contr
- Conclusions:
- A clear concentration-response relationship was observed.
The pH of the medium at concentrations resulting in a considerable growth inhibition, was below 8 and the biological findings are therefore not attributed to the initial pH of the test solutions.
It was observed that, however, that with increasing test item concentrations precipitates were formed over time to which algae adhered, leading to their flocculation. The flocculation of algae is thus
considered to be the predominant biologically relevant effect in this system test.
The recovery of the test item at the end of the test was below 80% of the nominal concentration. This can be explained since the test item is known to react with CO2 to calcium carbonate, which is poorly soluble in water leading to the formation of precipitates. However, after acidification, the test item recovery was 97,7% of the nominal concentration, which conforms the establishment of the target concentration.
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