5,7-dichloro-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)quinoline;quinoxyfen (ISO)

Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 305 (Bioconcentration: Flow-through Fish Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Specific details on test material used for the study:

[14C-2-quinoline-Iabeled] XDE-795
Purity: 99%

Radiolabelling:

yes

Details on sampling:

- Sampling intervals/frequency for test organisms: On each sampling day (for both exposure levels) four fish were indiscriminately netted, pithed, rinsed with distilled water, blotted dry, and measured for length and weight from both the exposure and control aquaria. As a minimum on each sampling day, the four fish from the exposure aquarium were used for tissue solubilization to determine total 14C activity in whole fish. In addition to the fish obtained for the determination of total 14C activity in whole fish, on Days 21 and 28 four additional fish were sampled for dissection of muscle fillets to determine the total radioactivity in muscle (edible) and remainder (inedible) tissue.
- Sampling intervals/frequency for test medium samples: The amount of total aqueous 14C radioactivity was determined daily (for both exposure levels) during exposure and elimination (clearance) phases of the study by direct sampling; the aquaria were sampled on all 28 exposure days. The low-level aquaria (control and exposure) were sampled through Day 6 of the clearance phase while the high-level aquaria were sampled through clearance Day 14.
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: Freezer maintained at approximately -10°C
- Details on sampling and analysis of test organisms and test media samples:
Test media samples: All samples (control, exposure, and mixing cell) were routinely mixed with 12.5 mL of Ultima Gold (Packard Scientific) scintillation cocktail and counted on a Beckman 7800 series liquid scintillation counter (LSC).
Water samples from the exposure aquaria were radiochemically assayed by HPLC for parent XDE-795 and metabolites/hydrolysis products on days 0 and 14 of the uptake portion of the experiment; concentrations of total 14C in the exposure water were sufficiently low during the clearance phase to preclude radioassay. The samples were processed and analyzed as follows: a 4-mL aliquot from the exposure aquarium was transferred to a 5-dram glass vial containing 1 mL of acetonitrile (CH3CN). This yielded a sample in a matrix of 20/80 CH3CN/exposure water at 80% of the original sample concentration. Although the test substance appeared to be well dissolved and uniformly distributed throughout the exposure water (based on daily counts of total 14C radioactivity), acetonitrile was added to the sample to enhance dissolution of the test substance and minimize adsorption to glass and other surfaces (syringe, injector) that were contacted during HPLC analysis. To help track the elution of test substance (with a UV detector), each sample was spiked with ~1 µg of non-radiolabeled test substance. A 4-mL aliquot of the processed sample (equivalent to ~3.2 mL of original sample) was injected onto the reverse-phase HPLC system; separation was achieved by gradient elution. Eluent fractions were collected at 30-sec intervals and the radioactivity determined by LSC.
Test organism samples: In this study, fish tissue samples, consisting of either whole fish, muscle fillet, remainder tissue, or extracted tissue solids (whole fish solids remaining after extraction for HPLC radioassay) were analyzed for total 14C radioactivity by tissue solubilization. The 14C activity in whole fish and remainder tissue was simply the sum of the three solubilized segments. Tissue was solubilized in Soluene-350 (Packard Scientific), to which Hionic-Fluor scintillation cocktail (Packard Scientific) was then added. All samples counted by LSC were corrected for quenching and counting efficiency.

Vehicle:

yes

Remarks:

N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: The low-concentration study was run at a target concentration of 0.5 ng test substance/mL exposure water (-100 DPM/mL); The high-concentration study was run at a target concentration of 5 ng test substance/mL exposure water (-200 DPM/mL)
- Controls: A solvent control aquarium was set to accompany each level of exposure aquarium, i.e., DMF without test substance
- Chemical name of vehicle: N,N-dimethylformamide

PREPARATION OF SPIKED FISH FOOD
- Details on fish food: Standard laboratory fish diet (Aquatic Diet No.1, Harlan- Teklad, Madison, Wisconsin) containing approximately 19% protein and 8% lipid by weight at a rate of 1-2% of total fish biomass per day. The food was assayed at least twice a year for the presence of pesticides, heavy metals, and priority pollutants. Uneaten food and fecal matter was generally siphoned ~1 hour after feeding (except weekends), or as deemed necessary.

Test organisms (species):

Oncorhynchus mykiss (previous name: Salmo gairdneri)

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Rainbow trout
- Strain: Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Source: Mt. Lassen Trout Farm, Red Bluff, California
- Weight: 0.3471 ± 0.0778 to 0.4040 ± 0.1350 g

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: At least 14 days

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

flow-through

Water / sediment media type:

other: dilution water

Total exposure / uptake duration:

28 d

Total depuration duration:

14 d

Test temperature:

11.9-12.4°C (low-concentration experiment)
11.7-12.0°C (high-concentration experiment)

pH:

~7.7

Dissolved oxygen:

9.4 mg/L, >89% saturation (low-concentration experiment)
9.2-9.6 mg/L, >88% saturation (high-concentration experiment)

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: ~43 liter glass aquaria lined with 0.005-inch thick Teflon bags
- Type: Closed
- Aeration: Continually aerated to maintain dissolved oxygen levels of at least 60% of saturation.
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): Average of 6.0 volume replacements per day of dilution water (256 L/ day)
- No. of organisms per vessel: Low concentration: 62; high concentration: 74 fish
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 1
- Biomass loading rate: ~0.1 g/L/day

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Treated Lake Huron feed water was used as the dilution water. This water was sand-filtered, dechlorinated through activated carbon, and irradiated with ultraviolet light prior to use
- Conductance: 240-410 µmhos/cm
During the course of this study, the range for selected water quality parameters were: pH 7.6-8.0; alkalinity 47-99 mg/L as CaC03; hardness 66-126 mg/L as CaC03; and conductivity 240-410 µmhos /cm. Lighting was provided by fluorescent bulbs and a photo / dark period ratio of 16 hr / 8 hr.

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: 0.5 and 5 ng/mL
Measured: 0.51 and 4.9 ng/mL

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Lipid content:

3.2 %

Time point:

other: mean value of 10th and 24th day of exposure

Remarks on result:

other: g lipid/g whole fish, dried

Remarks:

(for low-concentration)

Lipid content:

3.6 %

Time point:

other: mean value of 10th and 24th day of exposure

Remarks on result:

other: g lipid/g whole fish, dried

Remarks:

(for high-concentration)

Key result

Conc. / dose:

>= 0.51 - <= 4.9 other: ng/mL

Temp.:

>= 11.7 - <= 12.4 °C

pH:

7.7

Type:

BCF

Value:

5 040 other: mL/g

Basis:

other: whole fish

Time of plateau:

28 d

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: 14C-test substance BCFs in muscle and remainder tissue would not differ significantly from the value of 5040 mL/g calculated for whole fish.

Key result

Elimination:

yes

Parameter:

DT50

Depuration time (DT):

2.7 d

Key result

Elimination:

yes

Parameter:

other: Tss95%

Depuration time (DT):

11.7 d

Details on kinetic parameters:

A simple two-compartment uptake/clearance model, based on first-order kinetics, was used to simulate the uptake and clearance of total 14C activity in whole fish tissue. A single set of model parameters was derived that successfully describes the bioconcentration kinetics of total 14C activity observed in both exposure levels. The ratio of the model-derived uptake clearance rate (K1; 1290 mL/g/day) and elimination rate constant (k2; 0.256 per day) was used to calculate the steady-state BCF value of 5040 mL/g (BCF=K1/k2). The close similarity among 14C residue levels measured in muscle and remainder tissues and those observed in whole fish tissue indicates that 14C-test substance BCF values in muscle and remainder tissue would not differ significantly from the value of 5040 mL/g calculated for whole fish.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

BCF of 5040 mL/g for total 14C-residues in whole fish

Executive summary:

The study was conducted following OECD guideline 305. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) were exposed for 28 days to [14C-2-quinoline-labeled] test substance in two separate studies, conducted under continuous flow-through conditions, at average measured exposure concentrations of 0.51 and 4.9 ng/mL. Following the exposure periods, the fish were transferred to clean flowing water for 14-day elimination periods. Trout were periodically sampled and analyzed for total 14C radioactivity in whole fish tissue, with occasional sampling of muscle fillet and remainder tissue (i.e., head, skin, viscera, and skeleton). Whole fish were also extracted and radio-assayed for test substance and metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation.

The concentrations of total 14C-residues measured in fish tissues during the uptake and elimination phases were fit to a simple two-compartment, first-order pharmacokinetic model using SIMUSOLV modeling software. Bioconcentration was not concentration-dependent; therefore, residue data from both exposure levels were pooled and modeled simultaneously to yield a single bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 5040 mL/g for total 14C-residues in whole fish. Although total 14C-residues were determined specifically for dissected muscle fillets and remainder tissues at critical time points (days 21 and 28), there was insufficient data to model the uptake and elimination kinetics of muscle and remainder, separately. However, the data clearly show that the accumulation of total 14C-residues in muscle and remainder closely paralleled that which was observed in whole fish tissue; therefore, the BCF value determined for whole fish adequately represents the accumulation of test substance in both muscle and remainder tissue. There was very little metabolism of test substance by the rainbow trout. The percentage of total 14C activity detected in radio-chromatograms that was attributable to test substance averaged ~97%. Therefore, the uptake and elimination of parent test substance was not specifically modeled and the BCF value for parent test substance is expected to be essentially equivalent to the value calculated for total 14C-residues.

The time required for total 14C-residues to achieve 95% of steady-state concentration in whole fish tissue was 11.7 days. Once the fish were moved to clean flowing water, 14C-residues cleared rapidly from the fish, with a model-derived elimination half-life of 2.7 days.

Whole fish extracts from days 21 and 28 of the exposure phase were analyzed by HPLC radioassay, which revealed that parent test substance constituted ~97% of the total activity; a single radiolabeled peak eluting well before test substance at a retention time of 3 minutes accounted for ~2.5% of the total measured activity.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Remarks:

fish, algae, invertebrate

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 850.1730 (Fish Bioconcentration Test)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 305 (Bioconcentration: Flow-through Fish Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Specific details on test material used for the study:

[2-quinoline-labeled-14C] quinoxyfen (SPS Reference No. 4100780-060; INV027132-0001)
Purity 97.2%

Radiolabelling:

yes

Details on sampling:

- Sampling intervals/frequency for test organisms: Algae: Uptake phase: Nine sets (of 4 vessels per set) were inoculated with algae and fortified with 14C-test substance for sampling at target times of 2, 5, 8, 22, and 25 hours past the start of exposure; and at 1, 4, 8, and 22 hours after the start of clearance. Replicates A, B, and C were processed for the determination of radioactivity associated with the algal pellet (and overlying water plus washes). The fourth replicate (identified as D) was processed to determine algal weight at the time of sampling.
Clearance phase: Sampling times during the clearance phase were targeted for 1, 4, 8, and 22 hours following the start of clearance. At the end of designated clearance time for a given set of vessels, the vessels were processed for determination of 14C in algal pellets and clearance medium.
Daphnid: Uptake phase: Of the 19 vessels fortified with 14C-test substance, nine vessels were sampled during the exposure phase of the study for the determination of radioactivity in water and daphnids. Three vessels were sampled on the day that the test was initiated, at sampling times targeted for 2, 4, and 7 hours after the start of exposure. The daphnids in those three vessels were not fed. Two vessels were sampled on “Day 1” at 26 hours post-dosing; the daphnia in one of the two vessels had been fed 0.5 mL of algae medium to the 200 mL of test solution (with algae at a TOC concentration of 229 mg/L) at approximately 7 hours post-dosing on Day 0. The second vessel sampled at 26 hours (on Day 1) was not fed in the interim between dosing and sampling. Four vessels were sampled on “Day 2”: two vessels were sampled at 46 hours and two were sampled at 50 hours post-dosing. Of the two vessels per sampling time, one had been fed at the end of Day 0 and Day 1, the other replicate per sampling time had not been fed since the start of the test.
Depuration Phase: At the end of Day 2, at 50 hours after the start of the exposure, daphnia from the remaining ten treatment vessels were transferred to new vessels containing clean LDW to begin the clearance phase. Of the ten vessels, five had been fed at the end of exposure Days 0 and 1. After transferring to clearance vessels (containing 200 mL LDW for exposed daphnids), each vessel was fed algae, including those that were not fed during exposure (0.5 mL algal suspension per 200 mL of LDW). That was the final feeding time for any vessel. Three sets of two vessels (one vessel fed during exposure; the other unfed during exposure) were sampled on “Clearance Day 0”, at 2, 5, and 8 hours after start of clearance. Two sets (of 2 vessels) were sampled on “Clearance Day 1,” at 20 and 30 hours after the start of clearance.
Fish: Fish samples consisting of whole fish, muscle filet, or remainder tissue, were analyzed for total 14C radioactivity by tissue oxidation. On each sampling day, two to three fish were indiscriminately netted, humanely euthanized, rinsed with distilled water, blotted dry, and measured for length and weight from both the exposure and control aquaria. In addition to the fish processed for the determination of total 14C activity in whole fish, which was the case for all sampling days except one, the three fish that were sampled on Day 35 of the uptake phase were dissected to yield muscle fillets for the determination of total radioactivity in muscle (edible) and remainder (inedible) tissue. The remainder tissue was considered the portion of the fish remaining after filleting (i.e., head, skin, viscera, and skeleton). Fish were sampled (from both control and exposure tanks) on Days 3 (three fish) and 35 (two fish) of the uptake phase for lipid determination.
- Sampling intervals/frequency for test medium samples: The amount of total 14C radioactivity in the dilution water of the control and exposure aquaria was determined daily by direct sampling. The aquaria were sampled on all 35 exposure days, but also throughout the entire 100 days of clearance, as detectable levels of radioactivity (LOD = 7 DPM per 4-mL water sample; 0.05 ng test substance equiv./mL) were present in the treatment aquarium on all but two days (Clearance Days 95 and 99)

Vehicle:

yes

Remarks:

Acetone; dilution water; DMF

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Algae: The 14C-test substance was dissolved in acetone, augmented with non-radiolabeled test substance, and introduced to the algal assay medium (AAM) to obtain the targeted concentration. The concentration of the acetone vehicle did not exceed 0.05 mL/L in the AAM. This required an acetone-based stock concentration of ~80 μg/mL, which was less than the reported solubility of ~100 g/L in acetone
- Daphnid: The 14C- test substance was dissolved in acetone and introduced to the dilution water to obtain the targeted concentration. The concentration of the acetone vehicle did not exceed 0.05 mL/L in the dilution water. This required an acetone-based stock concentration of ~240 μg/mL, which was less than the reported solubility of ~100 g/L in acetone.
- Fish: The 14C-labeled test substance was dissolved in DMF and continually delivered into the dilution water supplying the exposure aquaria at a nominal flow rate of 10 µL/minute using a Harvard Model 22 syringe pump equipped with a 100-mL glass, gas-tight syringe; thus the concentration of DMF in the test aquaria remained less than 0.1 mL/L.

Test organisms (species):

other: Selenastrum capricornutum (algae), Daphnia magna (invertebrate), Oncorhynchus mykiss (fish)

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
Algae
- Common name: Freshwater green algae
- Strain: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
- Source: University of Texas, Austin, Texas

Daphnid
- Common name: Water flea
- Strain: Daphnia magna
- Source: Aquatic Biosystems, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado
- Age: 20 to 70 hours old

Fish
- Common name: Rainbow trout
- Strain: Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Source: Oden State Fish Hatchery of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment (Alanson, Michigan)
- Length at study initiation: 6.4–7.4 cm
- Feeding during test
- Food type: Pelletized fish diet
- Frequency: Daily

ACCLIMATION (FISH)
- Acclimation period: At least 14 days
- Acclimation conditions: 15 ± 2°C
- Type of food: Pelletized fish diet
- Feeding frequency: Daily

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

other: Algae and daphnids: Static; Fish: Flow-through

Water / sediment media type:

other: Algae: Algal assay medium; Daphnid and fish: Dilution water

Test temperature:

Algae: 23 ± 2°C
Daphnia: 20 ± 2°C
Fish: 15 ± 2°C

pH:

Algal culture medium: 7.5
Laboratory dilution water: 6.90 (daphnia), 6.3-7.6 (fish)

Dissolved oxygen:

Laboratory dilution water: 9.1 mg/L (daphnia), greater than 70% saturation (fish)

Details on test conditions:

Total exposure/uptake duration: Algae: 25 hours; Daphnia: 50 hours; Fish: 35 days
Total depuration duration: Algae: 22 hours; Daphnia: 30 hours; Fish: 100 days

TEST SYSTEM
Algae
- Test vessel: Round-bottom glass centrifuge tubes
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 50-mL round-bottom glass centrifuge tubes containing 35 mL of algal assay medium (AAM)
- No. of organisms per vessel: ~500000 algae cells per mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control / vehicle control (replicates): 3

Daphnid:
- Test vessel: Glass jars
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 8-oz glass jars, containing 200 mL of laboratory dilution water (LDW). The control samples were maintained in 16-oz jars containing 400 mL LDW and 6.4 μL acetone
- No. of organisms per vessel: 22 daphnids loaded per exposure vessel and 52 daphnids loaded per control vessel
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 9

Fish
- Test vessel: Aquaria (230 or 430 L fibre glass)
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: The two aquaria (control and treatment) used during the uptake (exposure) phase contained 202 liters of dilution water (175.3 cm x 53.3 cm x 21.6 cm; length x width x height); the aquaria used for the clearance phase were 41 liters in volume (61 cm x 30.5 cm x 22.2 cm; length x width x height).

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Algae: 3.67 ng/mL
Daphnia: 3.97 ng/mL
Fish: 4.43 ng/mL

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Lipid content:

10.1 %

Remarks on result:

other: g/g whole fish

Key result

Conc. / dose:

3.67 other: ng/mL

Temp.:

23 °C

pH:

7.5

Type:

BCF

Value:

21 100 other: mL/g

Time of plateau:

40 h

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: for algae

Key result

Conc. / dose:

3.97 other: ng/mL

Temp.:

20 °C

pH:

6.9

Type:

BCF

Value:

15 300 other: mL/g

Time of plateau:

17 h

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: for unfed daphnids

Key result

Conc. / dose:

3.97 other: ng/mL

Temp.:

20 °C

pH:

6.9

Type:

BCF

Value:

16 400 other: mL/g

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: fed daphnids

Key result

Conc. / dose:

4.43 other: ng/mL

Temp.:

15 °C

pH:

6.3

Type:

BCF

Value:

15 200 other: mL/g

Time of plateau:

62 d

Calculation basis:

steady state

Remarks on result:

other: for fish

Key result

Elimination:

yes

Parameter:

DT50

Depuration time (DT):

9.3 h

Remarks on result:

other: for algae

Key result

Elimination:

yes

Parameter:

DT50

Depuration time (DT):

3.9 h

Remarks on result:

other: for daphnids

Key result

Elimination:

yes

Parameter:

DT50

Depuration time (DT):

14.2 d

Remarks on result:

other: for fish

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The elimination half-life for test substance from whole fish tissue was 14.2 days. The elimination half-lives for algae and daphnids were 9.3 and 3.9 hours, respectively.

Executive summary:

The purpose of this study was to determine the bioconcentration potential of the test substance in tissues of three representative species of differing trophic levels, namely algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), daphnid (Daphnia magna), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following OECD guideline 305 and EPA OPPTS 850.1730. A secondary purpose of the study was to monitor the formation of metabolites, if any, in rainbow trout, provided bioconcentration was sufficient to warrant such monitoring.

Algae and daphnids were exposed under static exposure conditions to waterborne 14C-test substance at concentrations of 3.67 and 3.97 ng/mL, respectively. The algae (~560,000 cells/mL of test medium) were exposed for a 25-hr uptake (adsorption) phase followed by transfer to vessels of clean test medium for 22 hours of clearance. Daphnids were exposed for a 50-hr uptake phase followed by a 30-hr clearance phase. Algae and daphnids were periodically sampled and analyzed for total 14C radioactivity by tissue oxidation.

A simple two-compartment model (water:fish tissue, as compartments) was used to fit total 14C activity in algal and daphnid biomass to derive kinetic parameters [uptake (K1) and depuration (k2) rate constants] using ACSLX modeling software. The calculated steadystate bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for total 14C in algae and daphnids were 21100 and 15300 mL/g, respectively. The estimated times for total 14C residues to achieve 95% of the exposure steady-state concentration in algae and daphnids were 40 and 17 hours, respectively. The elimination half-lives for algae and daphnids were 9.3 and 3.9 hours, respectively.

Rainbow trout (ranging in length from 7.0 – 14.4 cm) were exposed to an aqueous test solution of 14C-test substance at a mean concentration (measured) of 4.43 ng/mL dilution water. The test was conducted under flow-through conditions with a 35-day exposure period, followed by a 100-day elimination (depuration) period.

Fish were periodically sampled and analyzed for total 14C radioactivity in whole fish by tissue oxidation. Fish tissues were also homogenized, extracted, and radioassayed for test substance and metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation, with radioactivity measured by liquid scintillation counting of collected fractions, and using mass spectral confirmation of parent/metabolites.

Using a simple two-compartment model, kinetic parameters K1 and k2 were derived from the time course of 14C residues in whole fish tissue. Based on the model results, 14C residues had not achieved steady-state concentration at the time the exposure was terminated, although residue levels from the final three sampling times (separated by a minimum of two days between sampling times) were within 20% of each other. The time required for total 14C residues to achieve 95% of the steady-state concentration from a continuous exposure to aqueous test substance, based on the model derived k2 value of 0.0487 per day, is 62 days. The elimination half-life for test substance from whole fish tissue was 14.2 days.

HPLC radioassays of whole fish tissue extracts revealed a single radiolabeled peak that was confirmed (by retention time and mass spectrum matches with a known standard) to be parent test substance.

Description of key information

In a static test, the elimination half-life for test substance from whole fish tissue was 14.2 days. The elimination half-lives for algae and daphnids were 9.3 and 3.9 hours, respectively. The BCF for fish, daphnids, and algae were 15200 mL/kg, 16400 mL/kg, and 21100 mL/kg, respectively. In a separate flow-through test, a BCF of 5040 mL/g for total 14C-residues in whole fish was calculated.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

BCF (aquatic species):

5 040 L/kg ww