1-Propanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-3-(formylamino)-N,N-dimethyl-, inner salt

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal

Administrative data

Endpoint:

short-term repeated dose toxicity: dermal

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: GLP guideline study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2006

Report date:

2006

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 410 (Repeated Dose Dermal Toxicity: 21/28-Day Study)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.9 (Repeated Dose (28 Days) Toxicity (Dermal))

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

no

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

-

EC Number:

480-680-7

EC Name:

-

Cas Number:

120128-90-7

Molecular formula:

Hill formula: C8H16N2O3 CAS formula: C8H16N2O3

IUPAC Name:

480-680-7

Test animals

Species:

rat

Strain:

Wistar

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

Species : Rat: Wistar Crl:(WI) BR (outbred, SPF-Quality), Recognised by international guidelines as the recommended test system (e,g, OECD, EC).
Source : Charles River Deutschland, Sulzfeld, Germany.
Age and body weight : At commencement of the main study animals were approximately 10 weeks old, and weight ranges were as follows: Males: 338 - 380 grams; females: 190 - 220 grams, These weight ranges provided animals of a size which facilitated the conduct of the test.
Number of animals : 20 males, 20 females (females were nulliparous and non-pregnant).
Randomisation : Prior to commencement of treatment, by computer-generated random algorithm according to body weight, with all animals within ±20% of the sex mean.
Identification : Tattoo and earmark,
Health inspection : A health inspection was performed prior to commencement of treatment to ensure that the animals were in a good state of health,special attention was paid to the skin to be treated, which was intact and free from abnormalities.
Conditions : Animals were housed in a controlled environment, in which optimal conditions were considered to be approximately 15 air changes per hour, a temperature of 21 ,0 ± 3,0°C (actual range: 19,8 - 22,1 °C), a relative humidity of 30-70% (actual range: 40 - 69%) and 12 hours artificialfluorescent light and 12 hours darkness per day. Temporary fluctuations from the IighUdark cycle (with a maximum of 1 hour) occurred due to
performance of functional observations in the room, Based on laboratory historical data, these fluctuations were considered not to have affected the study integrity.
Accommodation : The acclimatisation period was at least 5 days before the start of treatment under laboratory conditions. During the acclimatisation and treatment phase, animals were housed individually in labelled polycarbonate cages (Mill type; height 18 cm). During overnight activity monitoring, animals were housed individually in Macrolon plastic cages (Mill type; height 15 cm,). Sterilised sawdust was provided as bedding material (Woody-Clean type 3/4, Tecnilab-BMI BV, Someren, The Netherlands) and paper as cage-enrichment (Enviro-dri, BMI, Helmond, The Netherlands), No cage-enrichment was provided during overnight activity monitoring. Results of bedding analyses for contaminants are examined and archived.
Diet : Free access to standard pelleted laboratory animal diet (from Altromin (code VRF 1), Lage, Germany)
Water : Free access to tap water. Certificates of analysis (performed quarterly) were examined and archived.
Results of analysis for ingredients and/or contaminants of diet, bedding, paper and water were assessed and did not reveal any findings that were considered to have affected study integrity.

Administration / exposure

Type of coverage:

occlusive

Vehicle:

water

Details on exposure:

Method : Dermal application. Formulations were placed on a magnetic stirrer during dosing.
Clipping : One day before treatment (day -1), an area of approximately 5x7 cm on the back of the animals was clipped. Whenever necessary (during the course of the study) the skin-area was re-clipped at least 3 hours before a next application. Care was taken to avoid abrading the skin.
Application : The test substance was applied in an area of approx. 10% of the total body surface, i.e. approx. 25 cm2 for males and 18 cm2 for females. The test substance formulation was held in contact with the skin with a dressing, consisting of a surgical gauze patch (Surgy 1 D)*, successively covered with aluminium foil and Coban* flexible bandage. A piece of Micropore tape* was additionally used for fixation of the bandages in females only.
*. Manufacturers: Laboratoires Stella s.a., Liege, Belgium (surgical gauze) and 3M,
Frequency : Once daily for at least 28 days, 7 days per week. Application was performed approximately the same time each day. Animals were treated up to the day prior to necropsy.Sf. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A (Caban & Micropore).
Exposure period : 6 hours, after which the dressing was removed and the skin cleaned of residual test substance using water. Inadvertently, the bandage from animal no. 27 was not removed on day 10. During the exposure period the dressing was checked regularly, at least every 2 hours (ie. after application, and approximately 1, 3 and 5 hours after application). In case of removal of the bandage before the 5-hour observation time point, a new dressing with fresh test substance was applied.
Dose volume : The test substance was dosed at 5 ml/kg b.w. Actual dose volumes were calculated weekly according to the latest body weight.

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Analytical method : Quantitative analysis was based on the test sUbstance peak in the HPLC chromatograms (see NOTOX project 454117: "Development and validation of an analytical method for the analysis of FORMAMIDOPROPYLBETAINE in Milli-U water").
Analytical conditions:
Column:
Stationary phase : YMC-Pack ODS-AQ
Dimensions : 250 mm x 4.6 mm id.; dp = 5 µm
Brand : YMC, Kyoto, Japan
Mobile phase : 0.05% TFA in Milli-Q water
Flow : 1.0 ml/min
Injection volume : 20 µL
Detection : UV absorption at a wavelength of 205 nm

Duration of treatment / exposure:

6 hours per day for 28 days

Frequency of treatment:

once daily for 28 days

Doses / concentrations

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
0, 100, 300, 1000 mg/kg b.w.
Basis:
other: nominal doses, analytically verified

No. of animals per sex per dose:

5

Control animals:

yes

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: based on the results of a 5-day range finding study
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): random
- Rationale for selecting satellite groups: no satellite groups
- Post-exposure recovery period in satellite groups: --
- Section schedule rationale (if not random): random

Examinations

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

Mortality / Viability : At least twice daily.
Clinical signs : At least once daily from day 1 onwards, immediately after the exposure period. The symptoms were graded according to fixed scales and the time of onset, degree and duration were recorded: Maximum grade 1: grade 0 = absent, grade 1 = present Maximum grade 3 or 4: grade 1 = slight, grade 2 = moderate, grade 3 = severe, grade 4 = very severe.
Functional Observations : During week 4 of treatment, the following tests were performed on all animals after removal of the bandage (abbreviations mentioned in the respective tables indicated between brackets): hearing ability (HEARING), pupillary reflex (PUPIL LlR), static righting reflex (STATIC R) and grip strength (GRIP) (Score 0 = normal/present, score 1 = abnormal/absent). Motor activity test (recording period: 12 hours during overnight for individual animals, using a computerised monitoring system, Pearson Technical Services, Debenham, Stowmarket, England).
Body weights : Prior to dosing on days 1, 8, 15, 22 and 28.
Food consumption : Weekly.
Water consumption : Subjective appraisal was maintained during the study, but no quantitative investigation introduced as no effect was suspected.
Clinical Laboratory Investigations : Blood samples were collected under iso-flurane anaesthesia (Abbott Laboratories Ltd., Zwolle, The Netherlands) immediately prior to scheduled post mortem examination, between 7.30 and 10.30 a.m. The animals were fasted overnight (with a maximum of 20 hours) before blood sampling, but water was provided. Blood samples were drawn from the retro-orbital sinus of all rats/sex/group and collected into tubes (Greiner Bio-One, Bad Haller, Austria) prepared with EDTA for haematological parameters (0.5 ml), with citrate for clotting tests (0.9 ml) and Liheparin treated tubes for clinical biochemistry parameters (0.5 ml). The following parameters were determined: Haematology, Clotting Potential, Clinical Biochemistry.

Sacrifice and pathology:

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes. All animals surviving to the end of the observation period were deeply anaesthetised using isoflurane vapour (Abbott Laboratories Ltd., Zwolle, The Netherlands) and subsequently exsanguinated. All animals assigned to the study were necropsied and descriptions of all
macroscopic abnormalities recorded.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (see table)

Other examinations:

The following organ weights (and terminal body weight) were recorded from the animals on the scheduled day of necropsy:
Adrenals, Brain, Epididymides, Heart, Kidneys, Liver, Ovaries, Spleen, Testes, Thymus, Uterus.

Statistics:

The following statistical methods were used to analyse the data:
- If the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution, the Dunnett-test1 (many-to-one t-test) based on a pooled variance estimate wasapplied for the comparison of the
treated groups and the control groups for each sex.
- The Steel-tese (many-to-one rank test) was applied when the data could not be assumed to follow a normal distribution.
- The exact Fisher-tese was applied to frequency data.
All tests were two-sided and in all cases p < 0.05 was accepted as the lowest level of significance. No statistical analysis was performed on histopathology findings. Group means were calculated for continuous data and medians were calculated for discrete data (scores) in the summary tables. Test statistics were calculated on the basis of exact values for means and pooled variances. Individual values, means and standard deviations may have been rounded off before printing. Therefore, two groups may display the same printed means for a given parameter, yet display different test statistics values.

Results and discussion

Results of examinations

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Dermal irritation:

no effects observed

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

no effects observed

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

no effects observed

Clinical biochemistry findings:

no effects observed

Urinalysis findings:

no effects observed

Behaviour (functional findings):

no effects observed

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

no effects observed

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

no effects observed

Details on results:

CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY : No mortality occurred during the study period. No clinical signs of toxicity were observed throughout the treatment period. General) hyperthermia or hyperthermia of the treated skin of some females at 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day was not correlated to any (local) morphological abnormalities, but corresponded to observations in the pilot study. This finding was also not consistently seen with continuing treatment. Yellow urine noted among the females at 1000 mg/kg/day was only observed during week 2 of treatment and had no morphological or clinical pathology correlates. Clonic spasms were incidentally shown by two females only (animal nos. 21 and 30) during/after application of the bandage in week 3/4. The occurrence/incidence of this finding showed no relationship to the dose. These findings were therefore considered to be of no toxicological relevance. At 100 mg/kg/day and higher, scabs, scales and/or focal erythema of the treated skin were observed, and additionally at 300 mg/kg/day a wound and scabs on the chest or scabs on the abdomen in females were noted during the treatment period. The incidence of these findings did not show a relationship to the dose. Therefore, the treatment procedure rather than local effects of the test substance were considered to have caused these signs. Incidental findings that were noted included chromodacryorrhoea, watery discharge from the eyes, hypothermia, alopecia and diarrhoea. These findings are occasionally noted in rats of this age and strain which are housed and treated under the conditions in this study. At the incidence observed, these were considered signs of no toxicological significance.

BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN : Body weights and body weight gain of treated animals remained in the same range as controls over the 4-week study period. Among the dose groups slight weight loss was observed among most males and some females at the end of the treatment period, as well as in one male at 100 and 300 mg/kg/day respectively. The incidence of slight weight loss showed no relationship to the dose, and was considered to be due to the burden of dermal treatment.

FOOD CONSUMPTION : Food consumption before or after allowance for body weight was similar between treated and control animals.

FOOD EFFICIENCY : not examined

WATER CONSUMPTION : not affected

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION : not examined

HAEMATOLOGY : No toxicologically relevant changes occurred in haematological parameters of treated rats. The statistically significant lower red blood cell counts, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels in males at 100, 300 and/or 1000 mg/kg/day showed no dose-response relationship. Also, the
mean control red blood cell level was slightly high, and any supportive changes indicative of an effect on red blood cell turnover were absent. These changes were therefore considered to be of no toxicological significance.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY : No toxicologically relevant changes occurred in clinical biochemistry parameters of treated rats. The statistically significant higher glucose level of males at 1000 mg/kg/day was not supported by any (morphological) changes indicative of organ dysfunction, and the change was of a slight nature. Values in males at 100 and/or 300 mg/kg/day achieving a level of statistical significance when compared to controls occurred in the absence of a treatment-related distribution. These changes included lower total protein, albumin and calcium levels. No toxicological significance was ascribed to these changes.

NEUROBEHAVIOUR : Hearing ability, pupillary reflex, static righting reflex and grip strength were normal in all animals. The variation in motor activity was similar between treated and control groups and did not indicate a relation with treatment

ORGAN WEIGHTS : Organ weights and organ to body weight ratios of treated animals were considered to be similar to those of control animals.

GROSS PATHOLOGY : Necropsy did not reveal any toxicologically relevant alterations. Liver abnormalities noted in male nos. 10, 14 and 20 (100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day, respectively) correlated microscopically to liver torsion/infarction and were considered to be due to the treatment procedure. Other incidental findings among control and treated animals included a reduced size of the seminal vesicles, red foci on the thymus, enlarged mandibular lymph node, red discolouration of the mandibular lymph node, scab formation on the treated skin, and fluid in the uterus. These findings are occasionally seen among rats used in these types of studies. In the absence of a treatment-related distribution they were considered changes of no toxicological significance.

HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC. There were no microscopic findings recorded which could be attributed to treatment with the test substance. Lobar torsion/infarction of the liver was recorded in male nos. 10, 14 and 20 (100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day, respectively) and correlated to the necropsy findings in the liver. This finding is considered to result from the animals rotating in the cage in an effort to dislodge the bandage and is a typical non-specific finding in dermal studies utilizing bandaging. Slight degrees of ulcerative dermal inflammation were recorded in the treated skin of two males at 100 mg/kg/day and one female at 1000 mg/kg/day. In view of the minor degree of this finding and the lack of a dose response it was considered to be a non-specific response rather than an indicator of an irritant potential of the test substance. All other microscopic findings were within the range of background pathology encountered in Wistar rats of this age and strain and occurred at similar incidences and severity in both control and treated rats.

Effect levels

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: nominal doses analytically verified

Target system / organ toxicity

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Any other information on results incl. tables

Body weight development [g]

Treatment		Group 1 Control	Group2    100 mg/kg	Group3    300 mg/kg	Group4    1000 mg/kg
Males
Day 1	Mean	359	355	363	363
Week 1	ST. DEV.	12.6	12.5	13.1	10.0
	N	5	5	5	5
Day 8	Mean	369	360	371	376
Week 2	ST. DEV.	11.1	13.4	10.4	11.6
	N	5	5	5	5
Day 15	Mean	390	384	393	396
Week 3	ST. DEV.	16.8	13.5	11.9	13.3
	N	5	5	5	5
Day 22	Mean	402	402	410	412
Week 4	ST. DEV.	18.5	14.1	7.8	22.7
	N	5	5	5	5
Day 28	Mean	396	398	406	411
Week 4	ST. DEV.	18.7	10.4	7.9	19.7
	N	5	5	5	5
Females
Day 1	Mean	204	203	200	205
Week 1	ST. DEV.	6.5	11.2	3.7	8.4
	N	5	5	5	5
Day 8	Mean	214	212	207	216
Week 2	ST. DEV.	7.3	7.9	9.6	6.9
	N	5	5	5	5
Day 15	Mean	225	226	231	231
Week 3	ST. DEV.	9.9	16.7	9.6	16.0
	N	5	5	5	5
Day 22	Mean	239	241	242	245
Week 4	ST. DEV.	9.9	16.7	9.6	16.0
	N	5	5	5	5
Day 28	Mean	240	244	241	245
Week 4	ST. DEV.	14.1	16.1	13.5	12.6
	N	5	5	5	5

 

* / **Dunnett-Test based on pooled variance significant at 5% (*) or 1% (**) level

 

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Wistar rats were treated with FORMAMIDOPROPYLBETAINE for 28 consecutive days by dermal application at dose levels up to 1000 mg/kg/day. There was no evidence of systemic (or local) toxicity in response to treatment with the test substance.
There were no changes at determination of clinical appearance, performance of functional observations, body weight and food consumption measurements, or alterations during clinical laboratory investigations, macroscopic examination, organ weight determination and microscopic examination that were considered to be of toxicological significance.
In the dermal repeated dose toxicity study the NOAEL is >= 1000 mg/kg bw/day for male and female rats. A point of departure for the assessment of systemic toxicity after dermal exposure could not be derived due to the lack of substance related critical health effects up to and including the limit dose of the study design. As an actual value for the NOAEL could not be determined due to limit dose testing in this study type, it could be much higher than 1000 mg/kg bw/day. For risk assessment purposes a NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg/day (nominal dose) was established.

Executive summary:

Repeated dose (28-days) dermal toxicity study with FORMAMIDOPROPYLBETAINE by daily exposure in the rat.

The study was based on the following guidelines: EEC Directive 92/69/EEC, B.9: "Repeated Dose (28 days) Toxicity (dermal)". 1992 and OECD 410, "Repeated Dose Dermal Toxicity: 21/28-day Study", 1981.

Based on the results of a 5-day range finding study, the dose levels for the 28-day toxicity study were selected to be 0,100,300 and 1000 mg/kg/day. The test substance was topically applied for approximately 6 hours/day daily for 28 days onto clipped skin on the back of SPF-bred Wistar rats. One control group and three treated groups were tested, each consisting of 5 males and 5 females. Chemical analyses of formulations were conducted once during the study to assess accuracy and homogeneity. The following parameters were evaluated: clinical signs daily; functional observation tests in week 4; body weight and food consumption weekly; clinical pathology and macroscopy at termination; organ weights and histopathology on a selection of tissues.

Results

Accuracy and homogeneity of formulations of test substance in Milli-U water were demonstrated by analyses. There was no evidence of systemic (or local) toxicity in response to treatment with the test substance.

Conclusion

In the dermal repeated dose toxicity study the NOAEL is >= 1000 mg/kg bw/day for male and female rats. A point of departure for the assessment of systemic toxicity after dermal exposure could not be derived due to the lack of substance related critical health effects up to and including the limit dose of the study design. As an actual value for the NOAEL could not be determined due to limit dose testing in this study type, it could be much higher than 1000 mg/kg bw/day. For risk assessment purposes a NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg/day (nominal dose) was established.