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EC number: 466-380-9 | CAS number: 52350-17-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Water solubility
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- water solubility
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method A.6 (Water Solubility)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted in 2008
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 105 (Water Solubility)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted in 1995
- Type of method:
- flask method
- Water solubility:
- <= 0.006 g/L
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Based on analysed cesium concentration ≤ 9.77E-04 g/L
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- >= 4.8 - <= 5.7
- Water solubility:
- <= 0.002 g/L
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Based on analysed tungsten concentration ≤ 1.31E-03 g/L
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- >= 4.8 - <= 5.7
- Endpoint:
- transformation / dissolution of metals and inorganic metal compounds
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 26-March-2021 - 16-August-2021
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Remarks:
- The study was conducted in line with the most up-to-date scientific methods, using the most up-to-date guidance from ECHA and the OECD on obtaining nanoform information on dissolution. Moreover, scientific advise was sought from major EU projects that are directly working on the current dissolution OECD test guideline.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD Guidance Document 318 Testing of dissolution and dispersion stability of nanomaterials and the use of the data for further environmental testing and assessment strategies
- Version / remarks:
- 2020
- Deviations:
- not applicable
- Remarks:
- Guidance document outlines general principles to be applied.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Series on Testing and Assessment No. 29 (23-Jul-2001): Guidance document on transformation/dissolution of metals and metal compounds in aqueous media
- Version / remarks:
- 2001
- Deviations:
- not applicable
- Remarks:
- Guidance document outlines general principles to be applied.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of method:
- other: centirfugal ultrafiltration - static method
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.4 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 0
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.47 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 1 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.47 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 2 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.49 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 4 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.48 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 8 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.5 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 24 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.51 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 48 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.52 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 72 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.45 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 72 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measurement used 5 kDa filters and was used to confirm suitable use of 10 kDa filters.
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.31 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 0 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.46 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 1 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.49 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 2 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.57 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 4 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.71 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 8 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 1.19 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 24 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 1.55 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 48 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 1.83 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 72
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 1.73 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 72 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measurement used 5 kDa filters and was used to confirm suitable use of 10 kDa filters.
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.34 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 0 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.55 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 1 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.49 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 2 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.94 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 4 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 1.32 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 8 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 1.66 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 24 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 1.89 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 48 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 1.91 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 72 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 1.94 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Cesium
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 3.2 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 72 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measurement used 5 kDa filters and was used to confirm suitable use of 10 kDa filters.
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 0 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 1 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 2 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 4 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 8 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4
- Incubation duration:
- 24 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 48 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 72 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.12 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 72 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 4, 22 °C
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measurement used 5 kDa filters and was used to confirm suitable use of 10 kDa filters.
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 0 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.17 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 1 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.37 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 2 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.78 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 4 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 1.61 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 8 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 4.85 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 24 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 6.5 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 48 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 8.2 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 72 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 7.78 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 72 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 7, 22 °C
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measurement used 5 kDa filters and was used to confirm suitable use of 10 kDa filters.
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.12 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 0 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 0.92 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 1 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 1.78 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 2 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 3.04 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 4 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 5.09 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 8 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 7.09 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 24 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 8.07 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 48 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Key result
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 8.72 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 72 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Type of test:
- full transformation/dissolution test - metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds
- Remarks:
- full dissolution test for nanoforms
- Mean dissolved conc.:
- 9.08 mg/L
- Element analysed:
- Tungsten
- Loading of aqueous phase:
- 13.4 mg/L
- Incubation duration:
- 72 h
- Test conditions:
- pH 9, 22 °C
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measurement used 5 kDa filters and was used to confirm suitable use of 10 kDa filters.
- Details on results:
- The results with the 5 kDa and 10 kDa filters were similar. In fact in some instances it was slightly higher, therefore, it is not expected particles were measured in the screening test or that filters were broken. The dissolution seen in the screening study was considered accurate and the 10 kDa filter appropriate for this test item. Considering the smallest particle seen during characterisation of this batch was > 2 nm and the 10 kDa filter would allow a particle size of this test item of ~1.3 nm, the appropriateness of the choice was expected but confirmed nonetheless. The measures represent dissolved ions only of each component (i.e. Cs and W).
For pH 4 only low concentrations of dissolved ions could be measured.
At pH 9 the max. observed dissolution rate was 5.24*10-5 mg m-2 s-1 for Cs and 2.47*10-4 mg m-2 s-1 for W.
At pH 7 the max. observed dissolution rate was 1.04*10-5 mg m-2 s-1 for Cs and 5.94*10-5 mg m-2 s-1 for W.
The dissolution was quick, followed by a slow phase likely due to test system saturation. For cesium, 50 to 72 % of the total observed dissolution was complete within 24 hours. For tungsten 65 to 75 % of the total observed dissolution was complete within 24 hours, a short time frame.
The % dissolution of the cesium based on initial concentrations was 54 to 60 % in pH 7 to 9. The rate of dissolution likely slowed down due to saturation of the test system.
The % dissolution of total tungsten based on initial concentrations was 58 to 67 % in pH 7 to 9. The rate of dissolution likely slowed down due to saturation of the test system. - Conclusions:
- Based on the prelimenary testing results this nanoform is expected to dissolve rapidly in pH 7 and 9, but not at pH 4.
- Executive summary:
The test item was analyzed for dissolution rate in simulated environmental medium according to OECD guidance documents 29 and 318. The simulated environmental media was prepared in ultrapure water containing 0.1 M NaHCO3, at pH 4, 7 and 9. The study was conducted at a concentration of 20 mg/L of the test item (20 mg in 1 L medium).
The study was performed in 1-L glass bottles on an horizontal shaker at 150 rpm.
The concentration of dissolved test item was measured at 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h (after centrifugal ultrafiltration at 2000×g for 5 min). The whole setup was laid out in triplicates.
The concentration of the test item was analyzed using ICP-MS/ICP-OES.
The measured temperature in the flasks was 22±0.4°C.
The used MWCO 10 kDa membranes were perfectly suited for this test item.
At pH 9 a relatively high dissolution rate was observed for tungsten (W), and for pH 7 in the same order of magnitude. The dissolution rate based for measured cesium (Cs) was one order of magnitude smaller.
Furthermore, the total measured concentration of dissolved ions was for Cs approximately 2 mg/L (pH 7 and 9), while it was for W approximately 8 mg/L (pH 7 and 9).
For pH 4 only low concentrations of dissolved ions could be measured.
At pH 9 the max. observed dissolution rate was 5.24*10-5 mg m-2 s-1 for Cs and 2.47*10-4 mg m-2 s-1 for W.
At pH 7 the max. observed dissolution rate was 1.04*10-5 mg m-2 s-1 for Cs and 5.94*10-5 mg m-2 s-1 for W.
The dissolution was quick, followed by a slow phase likely due to test system saturation. For cesium, 50 to 72 % of the total observed dissolution was complete within 24 hours. For tungsten 65 to 75 % of the total observed dissolution was complete within 24 hours, a short time frame.
The % dissolution of the cesium based on initial concentrations was 54 to 60 % in pH 7 to 9. The rate of dissolution likely slowed down due to saturation of the test system.
The % dissolution of total tungsten based on initial concnetrations was 58 to 67 % in pH 7 to 9. The rate of dissolution likely slowed down due to saturation of the test system.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 4: Dissolution rate based on Cs:
pH7 (mg L-1 s-1) | pH9 (mg L-1 s-1) | |
d(C1-C2)/d(t1-t2) | 9.36E-06 | 5.04E-05 |
d(C1-C8)/d(t1-t8) | 9.97E-06 | 3.06E-05 |
d(C4-C8)/d(t4-t8) | 9.78E-06 | 2.65E-05 |
Table 5: Dissolution rate based on W:
pH7 (mg L-1 s-1) | pH9 (mg L-1 s-1) | |
d(C1-C2)/d(t1-t2) | 5.60E-05 | 2.38E-04 |
d(C1-C8)/d(t1-t8) | 5.69E-05 | 1.65E-04 |
d(C4-C8)/d(t4-t8) | 5.71E-05 | 1.43E-04 |
Table 6: Dissolution rate based on Cs normalized to the surface area (52.023 m2/g):
pH7 (mg m-2 s-1) | pH9 (mg m-2 s-1) | |
d(C1-C2)/d(t1-t2) | 9.74E-06 | 5.24E-05 |
d(C1-C8)/d(t1-t8) | 1.04E-05 | 3.19E-05 |
d(C4-C8)/d(t4-t8) | 1.02E-05 | 2.75E-05 |
Table 7: Dissolution rate based on W normalized to the surface area (52.023 m2/g):
pH7 (mg m-2 s-1) | pH9 (mg m-2 s-1) | ||
d(C1-C2)/d(t1-t2) | 5.83E-05 | 2.47E-04 | |
d(C1-C8)/d(t1-t8) | 5.92E-05 | 1.72E-04 | |
d(C4-C8)/d(t4-t8) | 5.94E-05 | 1.48E-04 |
Dissolution rate figures are attached in the "Attached Background Material" section.
Description of key information
Rosenfeldt 2021, screening and full dissolution test for nanoforms (OECD GD 29 and 318)
At pH 9 the max. observed dissolution rate was 5.24*10-5 mg m-2 s-1 for Cs and 2.47*10-4 mg m-2 s-1 for W.
At pH 7 the max. observed dissolution rate was 1.04*10-5 mg m-2 s-1 for Cs and 5.94*10-5 mg m-2 s-1 for W.
For cesium, 50 to 72 % of the total observed dissolution was complete within 24 hours. For tungsten 65 to 75 % of the total observed dissolution was complete within 24 hours, a short time frame.
The % dissolution of the cesium based on initial concentrations was 54 to 60 % in pH 7 to 9. The rate of dissolution likely slowed down due to saturation of the test system.
The % dissolution of total tungsten based on initial concnetrations was 58 to 67 % in pH 7 to 9. The rate of dissolution likely slowed down due to saturation of the test system.
O'Connor 2017
The solubility of cesium and tungsten were ≤ 6.14E-03 g/L and ≤1.96E-03 g/L, respectively, OECD TG 105
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
Rosenfeldt 2021
The test item was analyzed for dissolution rate in simulated environmental medium according to OECD guidance documents 29 and 318. The simulated environmental media was prepared in ultrapure water containing 0.1 M NaHCO3, at pH 4, 7 and 9. The study was conducted at a concentration of 20 mg/L of the test item (20 mg in 1 L medium).
The study was performed in 1-L glass bottles on an horizontal shaker at 150 rpm.
The concentration of dissolved test item was measured at 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h (after centrifugal ultrafiltration at 2000×g for 5 min). The whole setup was laid out in triplicates.
The concentration of the test item was analyzed using ICP-MS/ICP-OES.
The measured temperature in the flasks was 22±0.4°C.
The used MWCO 10 kDa membranes were perfectly suited for this test item.
At pH 9 a relatively high dissolution rate was observed for tungsten (W), and for pH 7 in the same order of magnitude. The dissolution rate based for measured cesium (Cs) was one order of magnitude smaller.
Furthermore, the total measured concentration of dissolved ions was for Cs approximately 2 mg/L (pH 7 and 9), while it was for W approximately 8 mg/L (pH 7 and 9).
For pH 4 only low concentrations of dissolved ions could be measured.
At pH 9 the max. observed dissolution rate was 5.24*10-5 mg m-2 s-1 for Cs and 2.47*10-4 mg m-2 s-1 for W.
At pH 7 the max. observed dissolution rate was 1.04*10-5 mg m-2 s-1 for Cs and 5.94*10-5 mg m-2 s-1 for W.
The dissolution was quick, followed by a slow phase likely due to test system saturation. For cesium, 50 to 72 % of the total observed dissolution was complete within 24 hours. For tungsten 65 to 75 % of the total observed dissolution was complete within 24 hours, a short time frame.
The % dissolution of the cesium based on initial concentrations was 54 to 60 % in pH 7 to 9. The rate of dissolution likely slowed down due to saturation of the test system.
The % dissolution of total tungsten based on initial concnetrations was 58 to 67 % in pH 7 to 9. The rate of dissolution likely slowed down due to saturation of the test system.
When considering testing of the nanoform or solute, it is important to consider what the organism is most likely to be exposed to. This study shows that dissolution is quick (most dissolution occurs < 24 hours) and likely complete in the environment as saturation of the media would not occur. Although pH 4 showed little to no dissolution, the pH of European waters is largely between 6.4 to 8.5. The 5th percetnile is 6.69 and the 95th percentile is 8.36 (data from WaterBase https://eea.europa.eu). The study showed the high and rapid dissolution rates at pH 7 and 9, indicating that the most appropriate test would be on the solute (i.e. Cs and W ions). This is further confirmed in the aquatic toxicity studies. This is in line with OECD GD 317 (2020) and ECHA Guidance Document - Appendix R7-1 for nanomaterials applicable to Chapter R7b Endpoint specific guidance (v2.0, 2017, Section 1.2).
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