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EC number: 203-401-0 | CAS number: 106-47-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Direct observations: clinical cases, poisoning incidents and other
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- direct observations: clinical cases, poisoning incidents and other
- Type of information:
- other: IPCS-INCHEM, CICADS 48, 2003
- Adequacy of study:
- other information
- Reliability:
- other: IPCS-INCHEM, CICADS 48, 2003
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: no reliability is given as this is a summary entry for IPCS-INCHEM, CICADS 48, 2003
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- 4-CHLOROANILINE
- Author:
- IPCS-INCHEM
- Year:
- 2 003
- Bibliographic source:
- in: Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 48
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Jahresbericht des Gewerbemedizinalrats für den Aufsichtsbezirk Wiesbaden über das Geschäftsjahr 1922
- Author:
- Betke [initial not given]
- Year:
- 1 926
- Bibliographic source:
- Veröffentlichungen aus dem Gebiete der Medizinalverwaltung, 578:212¿230
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Méthhémoglobinémie toxique par des dérivés de l¿aniline: parachloroaniline et paratoluidine
- Author:
- Faivre M, Armand J, Évreux JC, Duverneuil G, and Colin C
- Year:
- 1 971
- Bibliographic source:
- Archives des Maladies Professionnelles de Medecine du Travail et de Sécurité Sociale, 32:575¿577.
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Methaemoglobinaemia among neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit
- Author:
- Hjelt K, Lund J, Scherling B, Bendixen S, Lundstrom S, Stovring S, Voldsgaard P, and Linnet K
- Year:
- 1 995
- Bibliographic source:
- Acta Paediatrica, 84:365¿370
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 986
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Severe methaemoglobinaemia due to para-chloroaniline intoxication in premature neonates
- Author:
- van der Vorst MMJ, Tamminga P, Wijburg FA, and Schutgens RBH
- Year:
- 1 990
- Bibliographic source:
- European Journal of Pediatrics, 50:72¿73
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Su di un caso di grave intossicazione acuta da parachloroanilina con intensa metemoglobinemia e con transitorie alterazioni elettrocardiografiche
- Author:
- Scotti P, and Tomasini M
- Year:
- 1 966
- Bibliographic source:
- Medicina del Lavoro, 51(1):662¿666.
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Drug-induced methaemoglobinaemia.
- Author:
- Coleman MD, and Coleman NA
- Year:
- 1 996
- Bibliographic source:
- Drug Safety, 14(6):394¿405.
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- p-Chloroaniline BUA-Stoffbericht 153
- Author:
- BUA (Beratergremium umweltrelevanter Altstoffe) (BUA)
- Year:
- 1 995
- Bibliographic source:
- Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (Hrsg Behret), VCH (Verlag Chemie), Weinheim
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- IPCS-INCHEM, CICADS 48, 2003
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 4-chloroaniline
- EC Number:
- 203-401-0
- EC Name:
- 4-chloroaniline
- Cas Number:
- 106-47-8
- Molecular formula:
- C6H6ClN
- IUPAC Name:
- 4-chloroaniline
Constituent 1
Results and discussion
Any other information on results incl. tables
IPCS-INCHEM, CICADS 48 (2003):
PCA (p-chloroaniline) in humans is a more potent cyanogenic agent than aniline. Dermal absorption plays a predominant role in intoxication (Linch, 1974). Severity of adverse effects may increase with concomitant intake of ethanol (BUA, 1995).
Three cases of severe intoxication have been reported after occupational exposure to PCA (Betke, 1926; Scotti & Tomasini, 1966; Faivre et al., 1971).
One of these cases (Betke, 1926) resulted in death. Severe methaemoglobinaemia was reported in all three cases. The fatal case was accidentally sprayed in the face and on the upper part of his clothing with hot PCA. One of the cases (Faivre et al., 1971) handled powdered PCA. The third case (Scotti & Tomasini, 1966) was likewise exposed to dust while grinding PCA.
An insufficiently documented study reported an inhalation exposure to 44 mg PCA/m3 as being "severely toxic" within 1 min, whereas "signs of illness" appeared after prolonged inhalation of 22 mg/m3 (no further information) (Goldblatt, 1955). In one plant, average workplace air concentrations at two sites in PCA production were 58 mg PCA/m3 (range 37-89 mg/m3) and 63 mg PCA/m3 (range 46-70 mg/m3), respectively. Inhalation and simultaneous dermal absorption resulted in cyanosis, increased methaemoglobin and sulfhaemoglobin levels, the development of anaemia (2 of 6 workers within 4 weeks), and acute intoxication (1/6, who had to discontinue working) (Pacséri et al., 1958). In another plant producing PCA from 4- chloronitrobenzene, 14 workers showed a significant fall in haemoglobin and significant increases in methaemoglobin, which did not correlate with the air concentrations of PCA (values not given in study report) (Monsanto, 1986).
For comparison, in otherwise healthy patients, levels of methaemoglobin in excess of 30% may cause fatigue, headache, dyspnoea, nausea, and tachycardia. Lethargy and stupor, as well as deteriorating consciousness, occur as levels approach 55%. Higher levels may cause cardiac arrhythmias, circulatory failure, and neurological depression. Methaemoglobin levels higher than 70% are usually fatal (Coleman & Coleman, 1996).
Cyanosis and methaemoglobinaemia (14.5-43.5% methaemoglobin; normal range <2.3%) in three premature neonates (gestational age 25-27 weeks) were reported to be associated with PCA contamination of the incubators (no information on PCA concentration) in. Exposure was by percutaneous absorption or by inhalation of PCA-containing vapour produced by the inadvertent use of chlorohexidine gluconate (0.25 g/litre) as a humidifying agent, which decomposed on heating to produce PCA (van der Vorst et al., 1990).
A further report describes the same scenario in a neonatal intensive care unit in, showing that premature neonates developed severe methaemoglobinaemia when exposed to even small amounts of PCA formed from the inadvertent use of a 0.02% chlorohexidine solution as a humidifier in new incubators. The authors estimated that the maximum amount of PCA that the neonate could be exposed to was 0.3 mg/day, provided that all PCA produced was absorbed by the neonate. Thirty-three of 415 neonates (8%) were found to be methaemoglobin positive (mean methaemoglobin concentration 19%; range 6.5-45.5%) during the 8-month screening period. Of those patients with a gestational age of less than 31 weeks, 40% were positive; 15 out of 25 neonates (60%) with a birth weight <1000 g proved to be positive. All the methaemoglobin-positive cases started when the neonate was in the new incubator.
A prospective clinical study showed that immaturity, severe illness, the time exposed to PCA, and low concentrations of NADH reductase probably contributed to the condition. Fetal haemoglobin is more easily oxidized than adult haemoglobin; further, the delicate skin of the premature neonate is more permeable (Hjelt et al., 1995)
Applicant's summary and conclusion
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